basic facts:
... substances/elements that can be extracted directly from the oceans (name at least 5)
salt, magnesium, tin, titanium, diamonds, gravel, sand or oil
abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear in the oceans make up approximately _% of all marine litter.
10%
_% of the world's fish stocks are either fully exploited, overexploited or have collapsed.
80%
what can you do as an individual to support sustainable fish farming?
eat less fish, support local aquaculture/fresh water fish farms, donate to NGOs.
... the direction from which the wind blows that is predominant at a particular place or season.
prevailing wind
over 50% of the biological productivity of the oceans occurs in the _% that is over ___ shelves.
10% and continental shelves
... 5 huge ocean regions where over 250,000 tonnes of plastic waste currently circulate...
gyres
solutions for overfishing are... (name and explain at least 2)
Educating retailers, reducing subsidies, protected marine areas, labels for consumers, regulation and enforcement.
... the legal limit on the amount of fish that can be caught.
quotas
approximately 90% of global trade is being carried by maritime transportation, on ship types such as... (name at least 3)
bulk carriers, containers, tankers, roll-on ships.
... issues caused by the farming of salmon, the most productive form of mariculture. (name at least 3)
farmed fish are more susceptible to diseases/parasites, wastes from cage pollute environment, fish escape, using algicides pollutes water and travels up food chain.
... impacts of mining the ocean floor for sand, gravel and crushed rock for construction.
damage to seabed and habitat, resettlement of fine particle clouds that interfere with photosynthesis
within each country's economic exclusion zone, ways of monitoring and managing its fisheries are... (name at least 3)
observers on large fishing vessels, monitoring organizations based in ports checking and regulating the arrivals, vessels keeping logs of catches, quotas.
... a sea area prescribed by the UN over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.
economic exclusion zone
approximately ___ people in the world rely on both wild-caught and farmed seafood as their primary source of protein. Today, each person eats on average 19.2kg of fish a year – around twice as much as 50 years ago
3 billion
over fishing happens as a cause of... (name at least 3)
increase in demand, new technology and improved fishing methods, SONAR, various kinds of nets
causes of overfishing include... (name and explain at least 4)
Removal of essential predators, poor coral reef health, bycatch, algae growth.
ways in which governments can discourage illegal fishing...
capping the number of licences available for allocation to fishing vessels or by restricting the engine power or size of vessels.
... an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and nutrient-rich water from the ocean floor towards the surface.
upwelling
arrange these top 5 in order of highest world producers of aquaculture:
indonesia, vietnam, china, india, EU.
china, indonesia, india, vietnam, EU.
explain how climate change (sea level rise/ ocean acidity rise, change in seasonal patterns, etc.) affects the state of world fisheries and aquaculture.
Catches are likely to drop in many fisheries (dependent tropical regions and rise in temperate areas of the north), shifts in the distribution of fisheries (major operational, managerial, and jurisdictional implications), more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimps, oysters or corals to form their shells (calcification), coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to climate change (flooding/ monsoons)
how does the great barrier reef illustrate the impacts of overfishing? (name and explain at least 4 separate points)
sea cucumber extinction, trawlers destroy coral, habitat destruction, disruption to food chain, predator numbers decrease, smaller prey fish and herbivores increase, pollution.
... the two layers of the ocean in which light can and cannot penetrate, where photosynthesis occurs and cannot occur.
euphotic and disphotic zones