Foundational Documents
This document was the original form of government in the United States, only replaced by the Constitution after Shays' Rebellion.
Articles of Confederation
This is the period where the authority of European absolute monarchs was challenged and reason and logic was being developed.
The Enlightenment
The shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation led to this meeting, where a new governing document would be drafted.
Constitutional Convention
Freedom of religion, assembly, press, petition, and speech are guaranteed under this amendment in the Constitution.
First Amendment
Federalism is defined as the division of power between these.
Levels of government
This era of federalism had the powers of the levels of government clearly outlined with no overlap.
Dual Federalism
Legislative, executive, and judicial are known as this.
Branches of Government
In order to filter out extremist ideas and provide stability, these are used, with the U.S. having two major ones!
Political parties
Miranda vs. Arizona was decided on the basis of this amendment. Miranda was not made aware of his rights as someone accused on a crime and therefore violates his right to due process.
Fifth Amendment
To fight for equality, African Americans led and participated in this movement during the 1950s through the 1960s.
Civil Rights Movement
This document is one of the earliest forms of written law, declaring "eye for an eye."
Hammurabi's Code
This Enlightenment philosopher provided his thoughts on man's natural rights: life, liberty, property.
John Locke
This event, named for the leader of it, led state delegates to decide the Articles of Confederation was not strong enough.
Shays' Rebellion
To ensure protection of citizens in the justice system, the fifth amendment provides this.
Due Process of Law
This Constitutional amendment provides for the federal system of government; states can do all the things not expressly forbidden that the federal government cannot.
10th Amendment
This era of federalism started under President Reagan as he attempted to reduce the power of the federal government relative to the states.
New Federalism
The judicial branch has the special power of this, keeping the legislative and executive offices in check.
Judicial Review
In order to influence elections into favoring one political party over another, this strategy is used. It's named for the man who first used it!
Gerrymandering
In your Miranda Rights, you are made aware that if you cannot afford legal counsel, it will be provided to you at no cost, thanks to this court case.
Gideon vs. Wainwright
Women gained protection from discrimination in education and education-based programs that receive federal funding in this section of the Education Amendments of 1972.
Title IX
This document was the earliest example of self-rule in the British American colonies, and relied on the consent of the governed.
Mayflower Compact
This Enlightenment philosopher provided his ideas about the separation of powers and checks and balances in his work The Spirit of the Laws.
Montesquieu
Under the Articles of Confederation, the federal government could not do this, making it hard to pay back the debt from the war.
Levy/collect taxes
When under arrest, you have the right to speak with a lawyer as well as have a speedy and public trial, as provided for in this amendment.
Sixth Amendment
Article VI of the Constitution provides this special clause. Lebron loves this type of cuisine.
Supremacy Clause
This era of federalism started in response to the 9/11 terror attacks. The federal government uses financial grants to encourage the states to follow federal policies.
Fiscal Federalism
The legislative branch can overcome a Presidential veto using this power.
Override with 2/3 vote of both houses
Before running in the general election, a candidate must run in this and win!
Primary election
The desecration of the American flag was made legal based on this court case on the basis of freedom of expression. Just because you don't like it doesn't mean it cannot be done.
Texas vs. Johnson
In order to gain equal access to public accommodations and opportunity in areas like employment, President H.W. Bush signed this act in 1990.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
This document was the first to limit the power of the British Monarchy with the concept of limited government and consent of the governed.
English Bill of Rights
This Enlightenment philosopher provided his ideas about the consent of the governed in his work The Social Contract.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Under the Articles of Confederation, the federal government had no this and could not mediate issues between states.
Judicial branch
To protect the sanctity of the home, the Bill of Rights contains this amendment, which does not force the quartering of soldiers in one's home.
Third Amendment
The Constitution encouraged cooperation at the different levels of government, as this process requires both state and federal approval.
Amendment Process
This era of federalism tackled the hard-hitting social issues at the time, supported by President Johnson's Great Society programs.
Creative Federalism
The executive branch's purpose is to this, something they could not do under the Articles of Confederation!
Enforce the laws
Someone representing an interest group for politicians are referred to as this.
Lobbyist
This clause was challenged in the court case Engel vs. Vitale regarding the First Amendment.
Establishment Clause
This event in New York City was a major starting point in the fight for LGBTQ+ rights.
Stonewall Riots
This document, written to include protections for the men who drafted it, is an early document that established the right to due process and rule of law.
Magna Carta
This Enlightenment philosopher was horrible, as he believed that there should be absolute monarchs with total power!
Thomas Hobbes
The Article of Confederation was created to prevent this, a residual effect of the fear of Great Britain's monarchy.
Powerful central authority or tyrannical government
The Constitution provides rights not listed in the Bill of Rights to people as long as they are not specifically enumerated to the federal government in this amendment.
Ninth Amendment
This court case allowed the legislative branch to make laws they found to be "necessary and proper" under the Elastic Clause of the Constitution.
McCulloch vs. Maryland
This era of federalism saw the federal government power grow as the Great Depression required intervention from both the federal and states to provide aid and support for the American people.
Cooperative Federalism
When it comes to the justice system, the executive branch has powers such as this, which acts as a check over the judicial branch.
Pardons/reprieves
These collect money from individuals and funnel the donations to candidates for political offices.
Political Action Committee (PAC)
If you are found guilty of manslaughter, this court case prevents the death penalty from being instituted.
Furman vs. Georgia
This amendment forbid the use of poll taxes, a common tactic used to prevent minorities from exercising their right to vote.
24th Amendment