Utilitarianism
Jeremey Bentham may have established utilitarianism, but this philosopher is better known for his version, which is considered superior.
Who is John Stuart Mill?
For Kant we should convert our actions into these to determine if they can be successfully universalized.
What is a maxim?
This term refers to a trained behavioral disposition which result in habitual acts of moral goodness.
What is virtue?
This is the Greek word meaning "duty".
What is deon?
Utilitarians believe that we are not just morally responsible for the actions we perform, but also those we fail to perform; this concept is captured by this term.
What is negative responsibility?
For Kant, we should never take advantage of people by treating them like this.
What is a mere means?
This is the Greek word meaning "end goal" or "purpose".
What is telos?
This refers to a person's inherent qualities of mind and character.
What is a disposition?
This was Jeremy Bentham's way of quantitatively determining the amount of pain and pleasure an experience can provide.
What is the hedonic calculus?
This is the first principle in Kant's system for formulating correct moral rules.
What is the principle of the law of nature (the universalizability principle)?
What is the Golden Mean?
This term refers to something that is beneficial to society in some manner or another.
What is (social) utility?
This principle is one of the pillars of Utilitarianism in that it tells us that the right way to act is to maximize the most amount of good for the most amount of people.
What is the consequentialist principle?
This is the process by which one can come to derive every moral principle. Essentially, it's imperative you follow the rules produced by this process.
What is the Categorical Imperative?
This is the Greek word for "practical wisdom" or "street smarts".
What is phronesis?
Kant argued that to even begin to be considered a good moral agent, one must have this.
What is the Good Will (a Good Will)?
These are two separate utilitarian views which suggest that we ought to approach maximizing utility on a case-by-case basis or by following a set of utility-maximizing rules (you must name them both).
What are Act-Utilitarianism and Rule-Utilitarianism?
This is the ideal society Kant described as being one in which is governed by ideally rational beings who follow correct moral laws.
What is the Kingdom of Ends?
This term refers to automatically doing the right moral action and avoiding what's morally wrong. Aristotle believed we should all strive to have this.
What is moral excellence?
Aristotle used this term to refer to the objectively happy and fulfilled life.
What is Eudaimonia?
This principle is another pillar of Utilitarianism in which it specifies the type of good we ought to maximize.
What is the utility principle?
This is a term Kant used to describe the fact that we are all inherently free-willed beings with the capacity to think and act freely.
What is an autonomous agent (autonomy)?
This type of ethical theory tries to combine action-based theories and virtue-based theories by suggesting that we ought to develop rules based on what maximizes virtue.
What are Pluralistic Ethical Theories?
According to John Stuart Mill, these are the types of goods we ought to pursue; the satisfactionist would agree.
What are higher-order goods?