Redlining
These were legally binding clauses in property deeds that prohibited the sale or lease of a home to specific racial or religious groups.
What are restrictive covenants?
The 15th, 19th, 24th, and 26th Amendments all expand this.
What is suffrage, or the right to vote?
This immigration law set up restrictive quotas for who could immigrate to the US.
What is the Immigration Act of 1924?
This amendment abolished slavery "except as a punishment for crime," creating a loophole used by Southern states to maintain a forced labor force.
What is the 13th Amendment?
This term describes the overall concept of providing a remedy, such as money, land, or structural changes, to a group of people to heal the damage of past historical wrongs.
What are reparations?
This 1868 amendment contains the "Equal Protection Clause," which serves as the primary legal basis for challenging housing and voting discrimination.
What is the 14th Amendment?
This 1965 landmark law prohibited literacy tests and appointed federal examiners to oversee registration in areas with a history of discrimination.
What is the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
This process begins at a port of entry or upon arrival in the US.
What is asylum?
These laws, passed in the South after the Civil War, criminalized unemployment for Black Americans to force them into labor contracts.
What are vagrancy laws?
What are direct cash payments or financial compensation?
While "de jure" discrimination is written into law, this type of discrimination exists through social practice, individual action, or custom.
What is "de facto" discrimination?
This system, rather than the popular vote, technically determines the winner of the U.S. Presidency based on a total of 538 electors.
What is the Electoral College?
This immigration law was transformational, allowing for greater immigration based on family reunification and skilled labor.
What is the Immigration Act of 1965?
This system allowed private companies to "rent" the labor of prisoners from the state, often resulting in brutal conditions and high mortality rates.
What is convict leasing?
The building of a memorial or a Presidential proclamation is an example of this kind of reparation model.
What is an apology or recognition?
This is a historical discriminatory practice where financial institutions (like banks) and government agencies systematically deny loans, mortgages, or insurance to residents of specific neighborhoods based on their race or ethnicity.
What is redlining?
This 2013 Supreme Court case effectively ended the "preclearance" requirement for states with histories of voter suppression, allowing for more voter suppression tactics.
What is Shelby County v. Holder?
This law increased funding for the border patrol, expanded the list of offenses that could lead to deportation, and created 3 and 10-year bans on reentry for people who overstayed their visas in the U.S.
What is the Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, aka IRAIRA?
This era of domestic policy, accelerated in the 1980s, led to mandatory minimum sentences and a massive spike in the U.S. prison population.
What is the War on Drugs?
While direct cash payments are one approach, this structural model of reparations involves policies like student loan forgiveness, low-interest home loans for redlined ancestors, and community infrastructure investment.
What are structural changes or community investment?
This term describes the difference in median household net worth between different racial groups, largely driven by historical differences in homeownership.
What is the racial wealth gap?
This is the practice of redrawing or manipulating congressional districts to favor one party or group.
What is gerrymandering?
This myth reinforced the idea that Asian immigrants' success is solely based on individual effort, ignoring systemic inequalities faced by other minority groups.
What is the Model Minority Myth?
This term refers to the network of private companies and government agencies that benefit financially from increased surveillance and imprisonment.
What is the prison-industrial complex?
In 2015, this Midwestern city passed a historic reparations package for survivors of police commander Jon Burge, combining a $5.5 million cash fund with free college tuition, mandatory public school history curriculum, and the funding of a community center.
What is Chicago?