Vocabulary
What is a settlement or territory established and governed by another country?
Colony
Who sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 with three ships?
Christopher Columbus
Which person wrote a log about his 1492 voyage and encounters with the Taíno?
Christopher Columbus
What was the name of the English colony founded in Virginia in 1607?
Jamestown
During the Columbian Exchange, did corn travel from Europe to the Americas OR from the Americas to Europe?
Americas → Europe
What vocabulary term describes a system in which people are treated as property and denied their freedom?
Slavery
Where was Columbus trying to go when he sailed west across the Atlantic?
Asia / the East Indies
How did Columbus describe the Taíno people he encountered?
Friendly, generous, docile, welcoming
Why did the London Company send settlers to Virginia?
To start a moneymaking colony / make money
What was the deadly winter of 1609–1610 at Jamestown called?
The Starving Time
What were Spanish soldier-explorers who conquered Indigenous peoples in Mexico and Peru called?
Conquistadors
What are the GGG, the three major goals Europeans had for exploration?
Gold, God, and Glory
Gold = wealth
God = spread Christianity
Glory = expand territory
What was Columbus interested in gaining or accomplishing in the Americas? Name TWO.
Gold/riches, land for Spain, spreading Christianity/religion, trade
Why were many of Jamestown's first settlers poorly prepared to survive?
Many were gentlemen and craftsmen who did not know how to farm.
What did colonists in Jamestown resort to eating during the Starving Times?
What do we call a person who travels to another territory or community to convert people to their religion?
Missionary
Which conquistador conquered the Aztec Empire, defeating Moctezuma II and capturing Tenochtitlan?
Hernán Cortés
According to Las Casas, how were Indigenous people treated by Spanish colonists?
Harshly and violently
What did Jamestown settlers trade with the Powhatan in exchange for corn and meat?
Glass beads and iron hatchets
What was the profitable crop that helped save Jamestown survive and who found it?
Tobacco and John Rolfe.
What was the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and people between Europe and the Americas called?
Columbian Exchange
What were the THREE main reasons the Spanish were able to defeat powerful Indigenous empires?
Disease + better weapons/soldiers + alliances
Why did Columbus and Las Casas have different perspectives on Spanish exploration and colonization?
Columbus focused more on the opportunities and benefits for Spain, while Las Casas later focused on the violence, mistreatment, and suffering experienced by Indigenous people.
Give THREE reasons the early Jamestown colonists struggled to survive.
Swampy location, mosquitoes/disease, hunger/lack of food, settlers didn't know how to farm, settlers focused on finding gold, problems trading with the Powhatan.
Complete this cause-and-effect chain:
European diseases → many Indigenous people die → __________ → millions of enslaved Africans are forcibly brought across the Atlantic
Demand for new workers/labor