Health Status & Health Inequities
What are three common measures of health status?
Mortality, morbidity and life expectancy.
What is Medicare?
Australia's universal healthcare insurance scheme, providing access to subsidised health services.
How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?
17
What is fitness assessment?
The measurement of components of an individual's fitness to establish current capacity and inform training.
What is progressive overload?
Gradually increasing training demands so the body continues to adapt.
What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?
Morbidity refers to illness/disease in a population; mortality refers to deaths.
What is the difference between public and private healthcare?
Public healthcare is largely government-funded; private healthcare involves privately operated services and may involve private health insurance/out-of-pocket costs.
What is SDG 3?
Good Health and Well-being.
Give an appropriate test of aerobic capacity.
20 m shuttle run/beep test, Cooper 12-minute run or VO₂ max test.
Name TWO training methods that can improve aerobic performance.
E.g. continuous, fartlek, aerobic interval training.
Name TWO population groups that experience health inequities in Australia.
E.g. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples; people living in rural/remote areas; people experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage.
Identify TWO challenges facing Australia's healthcare system.
E.g. ageing population, chronic disease, workforce shortages, rising costs, inequitable access, new technologie
Name TWO SDGs other than SDG 3 that influence health.
E.g. No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Quality Education, Gender Equality, Clean Water and Sanitation, Reduced Inequalities.
What is the difference between validity and reliability?
Validity: whether the test measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability: whether it produces consistent results when repeated
What does the principle of specificity mean?
Training should closely match the energy systems, fitness components, movements and skills required by the activity.
Explain how socioeconomic determinants can contribute to health inequities.
Factors such as income, education and employment affect access to healthcare, housing, healthy food and other resources, contributing to differences in health outcomes.
How can an ageing population affect Australia's healthcare system?
Older populations generally have greater healthcare needs, increasing demand for hospitals, aged care, medications and health professionals.
How can improving education improve health?
Education can improve health literacy, employment and income, increasing people's capacity to make informed health decisions and access resources.
Why should fitness assessment be specific to an athlete?
Tests should reflect the fitness components, movements and demands of the athlete's activity so the results are meaningful for training and performance.
Identify TWO physiological adaptations to aerobic training.
E.g. increased stroke volume, lower resting heart rate, increased capillarisation, increased mitochondrial density, improved VO₂ max.
How can multiple determinants interact to influence the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?
Income, education, employment, geographical location, housing, racism, access to culturally safe healthcare and cultural determinants can interact
Why are prevention and early intervention important for healthcare sustainability?
They can reduce disease incidence/severity and demand for expensive treatment, improving health while reducing long-term pressure on healthcare resources.
How can progress towards multiple SDGs reduce health inequities?
SDGs address interconnected determinants. For example, improvements in poverty, education, nutrition, gender equality and sanitation can collectively improve access to resources and reduce preventable illness.
Give an appropriate testing battery for a soccer midfielder.
E.g. Yo-Yo test – aerobic capacity; 20 m sprint – speed; Illinois agility test – agility; vertical jump – power. Tests reflect the repeated running, acceleration and change-of-direction demands of soccer.
How do training principles and physiological adaptations work together to improve performance?
Appropriate application of specificity, overload and progression places stress on the body, causing adaptations such as increased stroke volume and oxygen utilisation, which can improve endurance performance.