Anatomical Directions
These two terms mean toward the nose and toward the tail, respectively.
What are rostral and caudal?
These are the three primary germ layers formed during gastrulation.
What are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm?
Secreted by ectodermal cells, these proteins promote epidermal rather than neural fate in the default model.
What are BMPs?
Later division can produce a radial glial cell and a different daughter-cell type through this process.
What is asymmetric division?
A radial glial cell divides horizontally, and both daughter cells remain radial glia. This observation challenges the idea that horizontal cleavage always produces this type of division.
What is asymmetric division?
These two terms mean toward the midline and away from the midline, respectively.
What are medial and lateral?
What are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm turn in to what? yes name all of them
Nervous system and skin; bone and muscle; internal organ linings respectively
This organizer secretes noggin, chordin, and follistatin to inhibit BMP signaling.
What is the dorsal blastopore lip, or Spemann-Mangold organizer?
Radial glial cells primarily divide in the first zone; intermediate progenitors primarily divide in the second.
What are the ventricular and subventricular zones?
A developing mouse produces less Emx2 than normal. These cortical regions would expand at the expense of posterior regions.
What are anterior cortical regions?
Cortical GABAergic neurons and the oligodendrocytes described in the lecture originate ventrally and follow this route.
What is tangential migration?
During neurulation, this thickened sheet of neuroectoderm bends to form a groove and folds.
What is the neural plate?
what happened when Spemann and Mangold transplanted the DBL into a host embryo ventral ectoderm.
two light colored heads. DBL is an organizer and
secretes a signal that instructs neighboring cells
to become neural tissu
Name the five IKM stages described in the slides.
What are: nucleus near ventricular surface with ventricular and pial processes; outward nuclear migration and DNA replication; nuclear return with replicated DNA; pial-process retraction; mitosis?
After a limb bud is removed, normal numbers of motor neurons initially develop, but many later die. This supports the idea that the limb provides this kind of signal.
What is a survival signal, or trophic factor?
Cortical pyramidal neurons originate dorsally and follow this migration route.
What is radial migration?
Fusion of the neural folds creates this structure, whose walls generate the CNS.
What is the neural tube?
Name the three BMP inhibitors and what fate they bring
permitting the
default fate of dorsal ectoderm to develop into
neural tissue
what as the main take away from the Verhage paper
synapses do not need NT to develop correctly but do need them for Maintenance
Because the cortex develops inside-out, later-born neurons settle in these layers relative to earlier-born neurons.
What are more superficial cortical layers?
To demonstrate inside-out development, researchers give thymidine at different embryonic times and later compare this
What are the cortical layers containing labeled neurons, with earlier-born neurons deeper and later-born neurons more superficial?
draw a diagram of the 5 division structure of a brain during development
Teleceopholon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, spinal cord
An embryo’s BMPs can still activate their receptors but cannot bind noggin, chordin, or follistatin. Predict the effect on neural induction despite a normal organizer
What is impaired neural induction because persistent BMP signaling favors epidermal over neural fate?
Removing a limb bud decreased motor neuron numbers; adding one produced this result.
What is an increase in surviving motor neurons?
Keeping one eye closed during the critical period causes this change in the open eye’s representation in visual cortex.
What is increased cortical representation, or an ocular dominance shift toward the open eye?