Chapter 1
Apprenticeships are an example of what kind of education?
Baby Charlie is brushing her hand against her face, and her thumb ends up in her mouth. This produces a sucking reaction, which Charlie finds interesting and begins to repeat. This is an example of a:
Primary circular reaction
Improved driving skill over time is an example of __________ memory, while remembering a specific driving lesson is an example of __________ memory.
Implicit; Explicit
Marla is looking at a picture from her family's recent skiing trip. In the picture, she sees herself and her mother at the bottom of the mountain. They appear bigger in the picture than her father and brother, who are halfway up the mountain and further away from the foreground. She knows, however, that the difference is a result of their position in the picture rather than she and her mother actually being bigger. This is an example of:
The three main structures of the brain are:
Midbrain, hindbrain, forebrain
Research suggests that this is the average "span" of working memory
7 (plus or minus 2)
The four stages of Piaget's theory are:
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operations, Formal Operations
Ivan Pavlov's work with producing new reflexes in dogs is known as _________.
Classical Conditioning
In this experiment, a baby is placed on a plexiglass board. A checkerboard pattern is just under the surface on half of the board, and the other half appears to have a steep drop-off. However, both sides are safe to crawl on. The checkerboard pattern is continued further below the plexiglass on the side that looks steep. This task is known as the:
Visual cliff task. What is it used to measure?
Operant conditioning is also known as:
Instrumental conditioning
This memory process is critical how and if a memory will later be retrieved...
Encoding
An experimenter puts two rows of checkers in front of a child. Initially, these checkers are lined up on a one-to-one ratio, but then the experimenter spreads out the bottom row to have larger space between them. The child determines that the row with larger spaces has more checkers in it because it is a longer row. This is an example of failed:
Number conservation (or conservation task)
The four lobes of the brain are:
Frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
What are the first senses to develop?
Hearing (prenatally), then taste/smell/touch as newborns.
____________ is the tendency to see the world only through one's own perspective.
Egocentrism
This system provides organization to the words/language in our vocabulary.
Mental Lexicon
In Vygotsky's theory, this is the range of cognitive functioning a child is capable of.
Zone of Proximal development
_____________ studies are used to assess the degree of linear relationship between two variables.
Correlational
These are two methods used to measure infant attention
Heart rate changes; ERP patterns
According to Vygotsky, what are the two types of speech children use to navigate through challenging tasks?
Private speech, inner speech. Which comes first?
Thinking, reasoning, and decision-making appear to improve and become more relevant in a person's life
Adolescence
Name the 5 criteria for a stage theory of cognitive development
Qualitative change, Unified structures, Progression, Stable order, Universality
This imaging technique produces detailed images of neuroanatomy via radio wave technology, but is unable to measure brain activity in response to stimuli.
MRI
What are the visual preferences of 1-3 month old infants?
Black-and-white, checkerboard patterns.
In an experiment, what is an independent variable? What's a dependent variable?
IV: Experimental Conditions
DV: Change in recorded measures.