GI Tract
Name the two broad groups of organs involved in digestion: the organs food travels through and the organs that assist digestion.
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are gut microbiota?
What are the microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract.
Which nutrients provide energy: carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, or minerals or water?
What are carbohydrates, protein, and fat
What is the main purpose of the Nutrition Facts label?
What is to provide standardized information about a food's serving size, calories, and key nutrients so consumers can evaluate it.
What does the word “diet” mean?
What is the foods and beverages a person habitually consumes
Is chewing mechanical or chemical digestion? Where does digestion begin?
What is mechanical digestion, and it begins in the mouth with chewing.
Name one general way to support healthy gut microbiota.
What is eating a varied, fiber-rich diet (among other healthy dietary habits)?
How many kilocalories per gram are provided by carbohydrate, protein, and fat?
What are 4 kcal/g for carbohydrate, 4 kcal/g for protein, and 9 kcal/g for fat.
What is one advantage and one limitation of a 24-hour dietary recall?
What is an advantage: detailed information about recent intake; limitation: memory/underreporting and one day may not represent usual intake.
Why isn't BMI the best indicator of health status by itself?
because BMI does not distinguish fat mass from lean mass and does not show fat distribution or account for all factors affecting health.
Food is swallowed and formed into a soft mass that moves through the esophagus. What is this mass called?
What is a bolus
Why can dietary fiber be relevant to gut microbiota?
What is because some gut microbes ferment certain fibers and produce beneficial compounds.
Vitamins and minerals macronutrients or micronutrients?
Micronutrients
Name the major components of a nutrition assessment.
Dietary history, anthropometric, physical, laboratory values
What are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) for carbohydrate, protein, and fat for adults?
What are carbohydrate 45–65%, protein 10–35%, and fat 20–35% of total energy.
What muscular movement pushes food through the GI tract?
What is peristalsis?
Give one food category that can help support a diverse gut microbiota.
What are fiber-rich plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, or seeds.
A food provides 20 g carbohydrate, 10 g protein, and 5 g fat. How many kcal does it provide?
What is 165 kcal? (20×4 + 10×4 + 5×9 = 165.)
A cereal says “good source of calcium.” What type of claim is this?
What is a nutrient content claim;
A person eats 2,000 kcal/day, including 250 g carbohydrate, 75 g protein, and 60 g fat. How many calories come from each macronutrient?
What are 1,000 kcal carbohydrate, 300 kcal protein, and 540 kcal fat.
After food reaches the stomach and is mixed with digestive secretions, it becomes a semi-liquid mixture. What is it called, and where do most absorbed nutrients go first?
What is chyme, and absorbed nutrients enter the blood or lymph and are transported away from the small intestine?
A person wants to support gut health. Give two dietary habits consistent with a healthy gut microbiota.
A person wants to support gut health. Give two dietary habits consistent with a healthy gut microbiota.
What is the difference between energy density and nutrient density? Give an example of each.
What is energy density: calories relative to food weight/volume; nutrient density: nutrients relative to calories. Example: oil is energy-dense; vegetables are nutrient-dense.
When taking a 24-hour recall, name two follow-up questions that can improve the assessment
What are questions about portion sizes, preparation methods, ingredients, beverages, snacks, supplements, timing, or whether the day was typical.
Using the same 2,000-kcal diet, what percentage of calories comes from carbohydrate, protein, and fat—and does each fall within the adult AMDR?
What are carbohydrate 50%, protein 15%, and fat 27%; all three fall within the adult AMDRs.