Tissue
fibers in tissue that help with strength, very tough and thick
what are collagen fibers?
order of epidermis
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
stratum granulosome
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
layer of epidermis where skins are constantly dividing and pushing upwards, contains melanocytes and dendritic cells
what is stratum basale?
zone containing rapidly dividing cells that move upward and push epiphysis away from diaphysis (causing diaphysis of bone to lengthen)
what is proliferation zone?
weight bearing bone, withstands torsion
what is compact bone?
reduces friction, lines blood and lymphatic vessels
what is endothelium?
immune cells that are in epidermis, ingest foreign pathogens
what are dendritic/langerhan cells?
yellow to orange pigment, can be converted to vitamin A, also in plant products, accumulates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat tissue
what is carotene?
hormone that stimulates cartilage growth at epiphyseal plate
what is growth hormone (or insulin-like growth factor/IGF)?
bone is fractured and bone ends are out of normal alignment
what is a displaced fracture?
glands that secrete their products through ducts into an epithelial surface or cavity (include merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine)
what are exocrine glands?
cancer of the melanocytes, most dangerous type of skin cancer, very resistant to chemotherapies (why?)
what is melanoma?
resistant to chemotherapies because... chemotherapy targets DNA of rapid dividing cells but melanocytes are made to protect DNA and they have a very good DNA repair system
pale color of skin which could be caused by anemia (specifically low iron) or low hemoglobin
what is pallor?
thickness/shape of bone is determined by the weight or stress on it
what is Wolff's law?
bone disorder where resorption outpaces bone deposit, bones are porous and light and fragile
inadequate Ca and vitamin D
what is osteoporosis?
this cartilage is found covering ends of long bones in joint cavities, tip of the nose, and in costal cartilage (connecting ribs to sternum)
what is hyaline cartilage?
acronym ABCD is used for detecting cancerous moles, what does it stand for?
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter
sweat glands found in axillary and anogenital areas, become active during puberty, apical portion containing the secretion pinches off and is released
what are apocrine cells?
hormone that is released when Ca levels decline, stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone (breaks down bone to release Ca)
what is parathyroid hormone?
*remember the goal of the release of this hormone is to increase Ca levels
autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the synovial membrane of the joint which causes painful inflammation of the joints
what is rheumatoid arthritis?
membrane that lines closed ventral cavities like the pleurae, pericardium, and peritoneum
what is serous membrane?
redness of the skin caused by fever, inflammation, allergy, or hypertension
what is erythema?
2nd most common type of skin cancer, can metastasize (spread to other parts of the body), keratinocytes of stratum spinosum are trying to undergo mitosis when they aren't supposed to (because DNA is damaged)
appears as scaly red patch
found in scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands
what is squamous cell carcinoma?
what happens in the first stage of fracture repair?
a hematoma forms
- torn blood vessels hemorrhage (excessively bleed) and form masses of clotted blood (hematoma)
- site becomes inflamed and painful
type of reduction in fracture repair where the bone is repositioned so it can heal itself, does not require surgery or surgical pins
what is a closed reduction?