Definitions
"phonetic"
relating to the sounds of spoken language
The 3 ways to distinguish consonants
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Voicing
Lexical bias
tendency for sound-based speech errors to result in actual words rather than non words
Describe what/where an action potential is in a neuron
Electrical activity that travels from dendrite (receives) to cell body to axon (transmits)
William's syndrome
Language function preserved, but other cognitive abilities (IQ, visual-spatial tests) impared
"lexical"
relating to words
What are the 3 places of articulation?
Bilabial: air closed off at lips /P/
Alveolar: closed off behind teeth /T/
Velar: closed off at back of mouth /K/
McGurk effect
illusion showing that visual lip movements can change what you hear when sight and sound do not match
What is voxel based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) used for?
Mapping brain legions to behavioral symptoms related to those legions
- can identify what brain regions correspond to what behavior generally (but can vary between individuals!)
What is expressive aphasia also known as?
Broca's aphasia
"semantic"
related to the meaning of words, signs, and symbols in language
Name all of the manners of articulation in the word "foreshadows"
Fricative = (s,f,z,sh...)
Liquid = (l,r)
Fricative = (s,f,z,sh)
Oral stop = (d,p,t,k...)
Glide = (w, y)
Ganong effect
brain uses word knowledge to change how it hears ambiguous speech sounds
"b/p ool" --> "pool"
What are the 4 lobes of the brain and what is one thing they do?
Frontal (motor, speech production (Brocas))
Parietal (somatosensory cortex, spatial manipulation)
Occipital lobe (vision)
Temporal cortex (sound, Wernike’s area - language comprehension, reception)
1) Broca's area location
2) Broca's aphasia
1) Left hemisphere, frontal lobe
2) Production difficulty (slow rate of speech)
Mostly spared comprehension BUT difficulty judging grammaticality
"allophone" vs "phoneme"
Phoneme: unit of sound that changes word meaning (e.g. /b/ and /p/ , since bark and park are different)
Allophone: two versions of the same phoneme (/b/ in debit and bread)
Name 5 voiced consonants that span a few different places of articulation
b, m (bilabial)
g (velar)
d, l, n (alveolar)
Phonemic restoration
auditory illusion where the brain fills in (you hear) a missing sound that has been replaced by a non-speech noise
legi#lature
fMRI vs MEG
MEG - measures magnetic fields
1) Wernicke's area location
2) Wernicke's aphasia
1) Left hemisphere, temporal cortex
2) Inability to understand language, but fluent-sounding speech
"syntactic"
related to "grammar": how words are arranged together
What place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing does the phoneme /t/ have?
Alveolar
Oral stop
Voiceless
Phonotactic constraints
language rules to decide which sound combinations are allowed
EEG vs ECoG
EEG - measures electrical activity from scalp
ECoG - measures electrical activity from cortex
What causes a Specific Language Impairment (SLI)? What causes aphasia?
SLI -- usually genetic
Aphasia -- damage to the brain from injury/stroke