Anatomical Terms
When using anatomical terms, we always describe the relationship between structures using the ____________.
Standard anatomical position (face forward, standing straight, feet together, palms forward)
Proximal and Distal
Proximal = towards the body/middle, away from an extremity
Distal = away from the body/middle, towards an extremity
What are surface markings and why are they important to know?
They are a collection of descriptive terms that describe bone and tissue. They are used as points of reference.
Mastoid Process: What type and the clinical relevance?
Elevation and Process
This process is found on temporal bone
Clinical relevance? An audiologist will place an oscillator (hearing device) to check hearing through bone
*Children with complete cleft lip and palate are prone to middle ear infections & if this goes untreated, it can turn into mastoiditis (inflammation of the mastoid)
What are the two meanings of "articulation"?
Point of attachment and production of speech
Anterior
Posterior
Inferior
Superior
Anterior = forward (To remember this, I say to myself “ants go marching forwards)
Posterior = backwards, away from the front
Inferior = lower/below
Superior = upper/above (To remember this, remember the word “up” is in superior)
Abduct and Adduct
Abduction = to move away from the midline
Explains the vocal folds
When the abduct, they open (moving apart)
Adduction = to move towards the midline
Explains the vocal folds
When they adduct, the close (coming together)
What are the 2 types of surface markings?
2 types
elevations/projections = raised areas
Depressions = opening for blood vessels and nerves
Central sulcus: What type and the clinical relevance?
Depression and Sulcus
Clinical relevance? Central sulcus separates frontal lobes from parietal lobes
Anterior to central sulcus is the primary motor strip (signals skeletal muscles to move)
Posterior to central sulcus is the somatosensory cortex (controls all 5 senses)
What are the cartilages found in the larynx and what is the importance of each?
Epiglottis: covers the airway during swallowing
Thyroid cartilage: protective shield
Arytenoid cartilage: helps abduct and adduct the vocal folds
Cricoid cartilage: houses arytenoids
Corniculate cartilage: the tip of the arytenoids
Medial and Lateral
Medial = towards the midline
Lateral = away from the midline (if you like to workout, think of a lateral raise)
Midline
Midline = middle line right through the body, plane of equal symmetry
Posterior Nasal Spine: What type and the clinical relevance?
Elevation and Spine
Clinical relevance? This is a clinical marker for head and neck rays for head and neck cancer patients. It is also the point of attachment for musculus uvula (the thing that dangles in the back of your throat).
Lateral sulcus: What type and the clinical relevance?
Depression and Sulcus
Clinical relevance? Separates frontal lobe and temporal lobe
What is the only bone in the larynx?
The hyoid bone
Ipsilateral and Contralateral
Ipsilateral = on the same side of the body
Contralateral = on the opposites side of the body
Sagittal
Sagittal = unequal left and right
Condylar Process of the Mandible: What type and the clinical relevance?
Elevation and Condyle
Clinical relevance? Articulates with bone that allows for the lower jar to open (chewing and speech)
Foramen Magnum: What type and the clinical relevance?
Depression and formen
Clinical relevance? Permits the spinal cord to pass through the cranium so it can connect with the brain.
What does the axial and appendicular skeleton consist of?
Axial = vertebrae, skull, hyoid bone, and rib cage
Appendicular = pectoral and pelvic bones
External/superficial and Internal/Deep
external/superficial = towards the surface
internal/deep = in the body, away from the surface
To remember this, I think about a superficial person vs. a deep person (someone who only shows what’s on the outside vs. someone who shows more of themselves.)
Midsagittal, Coronal/Frontal, and Horizontal/Transverse
Midsagittal = equal left and right
coronal/frontal = front and back
horizontal/transverse = upper and lower
Alveolar Process: What type and the clinical relevance?
Elevation and Process
Clinical Relevance? Contains teeth sockets and the point of articulation with tongue (important for certain speech sounds)
External auditory meatus (EAM): What type and the clinical relevance?
Depression and Meatus
Clinical relevance? The EAM helps funnel sound into the ear.
Movement in the body will only occur around a ______.
Joint