Sub module : Introduction to Psychology
Sports psychology started in 1980s
1. Norman Triplett Coleman Griffith, 2.Franklin Henry (major program of study in 1900s) 3. Bruce Olgivie (1st sports psychologist prolific in research)
. What is the history of sport & exercise psychol
ogy including the timeline, influential people, etc
the main characteristics of an instrument
to pay attention to when selecting one to measure
physical activity?
what is validity, what is reliability
An imbalance between psychological and or physical demand & response capabilities (threatened homeostasis) experiences when we face challenges, challenges= stressors (external vs internal; distress vs eustress
what is stress ?
natural reaction to a threat that happens at a certain point in the stress response.
physically tense, jittery, short of breath, increased hr, sweating chest pain
what is Anxiety ?
Which hypothesis proposes that the psycholog
ical effects of exercise are derived
from the sense of accomplishment that is felt when completing a task
what is mastery hypothesis
one of the first “sport consultants” to assist athletes with performance
who was Bruce Oligivie
When Tom, a freshman in college, completes the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise
Questionnaire he reports that he “typically” engages
in 5 bouts of strenuous activity a week because he
played basketball in high school although he has not
played since he graduated.
Tom’s self-report of his
physical activity level represents which measurement problem
what is ability
physiological responses are
what is increased hr, respiratory rate, BP sweating, (fight or flight)
what is anxiety, excitability, vunerability?
types of anxiety disorders & know the symptoms
what is
Panic Disorder/Agoraphobia
Specific Phobias (object or situation)
Social Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)*
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)*
the two types of sport psychology consultants? What are the major differences between the two
What is educational and what is clinical
Educational
the two main categories of physical a
ctivity instruments? What are the specific types of
physical activity instruments within each categor
what is indirect measures and direct measures ?
what is self administered questionnaires ?
what is interview administer questionnaires
what is pa diaries and logs ?
Type of stressors:
Acute stress (short-term)–
Something major happens in life (moving, changing jobs)–
Experiencing a loss
–Something goes wrong or happens unexpectedly (car accident)
•
Episodic acute stress (frequent)–
Life feels disorderly, in perpetual crisis, chaotic, or out of
control
•Likely experiencing if always rushing/late, take on too much, have
nervous energy, have “worry wart” tendencies–
Always facing a new stressful situation•
Chronic stress (long-term)
unrelenting demands & pressures for seemingly interminable
periods of time” (APA Help Center)
Wears you down, seems endless (poverty/financial worries,
dysfunctional families/relationships, caring for chronically ill fa
How can each mental health variable
/disorder be measured/screened/diagnosed?
Measurement of Anxiety
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; diagnoses of disorder)–
Standard classification criteriaQuestionnaires (screening symptoms
the PA guidelines for children ? and adolescents? adults?
Children should be physical active throughout the day.
what is 60 minutes of physical activity a day what is 3x per week ages 6-17
what is 150-300 mins per week via moderate intensity adult ages
what is 75-150 mins vigorously
equivalent of both
what is muscle strengthening two times a day
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each
specific type of instrument ? relate to all
Questionnaires advantages: test ( retest reliability) feasibility: easy to administer, inexpensive, low participation burden, use in variety settings, objectivity, reactivity.
Questionaires disadvantage: criterion validity difficult to assess. unsure of sensitivity objectivity social desirability demand characteristics recall bias comprehension.
Advantages– what is of diaries and logs
Construct & Convergent
Validity*
–Test-Retest Reliability*
–Feasibility
•Low participant burden
(brief records/short
period of time)
–
Objectivity
Recall bias
what is Disadvantages of diaries and logs
–Feasibility
•High participant burden (detailed records /long period of time)
•High staff burden to analyze (detailed
records/long period of time)
Objectivity
•Reactivity
•Social desirability •Demand characteristics,
physiological measures *must actively used*
*heart rate, *blood pressure, *skin response *hormonal change *EMG (muscle tension)
. What are traditional treatments of these problems/disorders (if applicable)?
Medication
Anti-anxiety/tranquilizers
–Anti-depressants
•Psychotherapy
–Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)-”gold standard”
•Determine cause-and-effect among thoughts, feelings, behaviors
Scientific study of how perceptions, cognitions, and
emotions influence sport performance
what is sports psychology
Advantages and disadvantages of
Direct Measures such as relates to validity, reliability, objectivity and feasibility
•Pedometers
•Accelerometers
•Global Positioning System (GPS)
•Direct Observation
what is pedometer ?
advantages
‒Validity and Reliability
•Certain models
Objectivity
what is accelerometers ?
Accelerometers
•
Advantages
–
Validity and Reliability
•
Walking, Running
–
Feasibility
•
Modest participant
burden
–
Objectivity
•
Social desirability
•
Demand characteristics
•
Recall bias
•
Disadvantages
–
Validity and Reliability
•
Accuracy decreases for
upper-body, strength
training, water, complex,
and lifestyle activities
•
Accuracy dependent on
participant compliance
–
Feasibility
•
Cost
•
Limited settings
–Objectivity
Social desirability
•Demand characteristics
•Recall bias
‒Feasibility
•Low cost
•Small size
•Low participant burden
Disadvantages
–Validity and Reliability
Accuracy decreases for
very slow walking
•Does not measure
upper-body, strength
Training, water
activities
•No intensity, duration,
type info
•Accuracy dependent on participant compliance
–Objectivity
•Reactivity
physical fitness - may also facilitate an individual's ability to recover after being subjected to a stressor (duration of responses= stress recovery)
What is stress Reactivity ?
What are the possible mechanisms for the
relationship between physical activity stress
reactivity/recovery, anxiety, and depression? Which
ones are not supported, and which ones seem to hold
the most promise?
Psychological
–
Time-out/Distraction Hypothesis (possible, more than time-out)
–
Core Affect Hypothesis (potential)
–
Anxiety Symptom Interpretation (potential)
–
Anthropological Hypothesis (see Depression)
–
Mastery Hypothesis (see Depression)
–
Social Interaction Hypothesis (see Depression)
•
Physiological
–
Thermogenic Hypothesis (not probable)
–
Neurogenesis (BDNF) Hypothesis (see Depression)
–
Endorphin Hypothesis (see Depression)
–
Neurotransmitters (monoamine