DNA
Adenine and Thymine have how many hydrogen bonds when base paired?
2 hydrogen bonds
On what primes are both modifications found during the pre-mRNA modification process?
Poly-A tail is 3' and the G cap is on 5'.
If the tRNA on the p site will not translocate off of the site can the polypeptide chain continue to form?
No it would not be able to. The tRNA would need to translocate off of the p site to allow for a new tRNA to code for more amino acids.
Who found that DNA has a sugar phosphate backbone with nucleotides in the middle?
Rosalind Franklin
If you affect the structure of a protein what does this also affect?
The function of the protein.
Which monomers are purines and which are pyrimadines?
Adenine and Guanine are purines. Cytosine and Thymine are pyrimadines.
There is a mistake in the DNA template strand in which the terminator sequence allowed for a premature stop of transcription. How would this affect the function of the newly formed protein in the step of translation?
Since this is a premature stop, it would depend on if all of the genes (exons) were encoded. If there is an affect on the gene (s) the function and structure of a protein would change.
Is the start codon coded for an amino acid? If so what is it called?
Yes it codes for MET or methionine
Equal number of Adenine and Thymine; Equal number of Cytosine and Guanines. Whose rule is this?
Chargaff's rule
What is the difference between a leading and a lagging strand?
As a leading strand synthesizes, it follows after helicase and goes towards the forking point. A lagging strand goes away from the forking point and has okazaki fragments.
What is central dogma?
DNA is transcribed into Pre-mRNA which is modified into mRNA which is then translated into amino acids who are then folded into proteins.
Pre-mRNA is synthesized but there was a mistake during the modification process and some introns were kept. Can translation still occur?
Yes it can but this would have ramifications. There would most likely be mistakes in encoding for the amino acids which would then affect a protein's structure and function.
What are the 3 substeps of elongation in translation?
1. codon recognition. 2. peptide bond formation. 3. translocation.
What exactly did Watson and Crick find out about DNA?
It is a helix with uniform diameter
What type of cell can a mutation NOT be passed?
Somatic cells.
Is it possible during the replication process to have more than one origin of replication? What does the origin point look like?
Yes you can have multiple origins of replication on one strand. It will bubble out.
If hydrogen bonds were unable to form between strands would this affect the transcription process? If so why would this be an issue?
Yes it would; due to there needing to be temporary hydrogen bonds between the DNA template strand and the synthesizing RNA strand.
Amino acids are being coded for before the start codon (met) is coded. Does the sequence then start before MET is coded?
No it does not. The start codon (MET) must be coded first for the start of the translation process.
What was the purpose of the Hershey and Chase study and what was their findings?
The Hershey and chase study was done to find where the genetic information is housed. From their study, they found that is was DNA and not proteins that had the genetic information.
What is the difference between a missense and nonsense mutation?
Missense codes for a different amino acid to be added to the sequence. However, nonsense codes for a premature stop codon which results in trunkation of the polypeptide sequence. This can make the protein not function correctly.
Which strand would have more Helicase activity?
Both strands would have the same amount of activity
In prokaryotes, translation does not occur in the nucleus. Where does transcription occur?
It occurs in the cytoplasm.
What acts like a vice or clamp during the process of translation?
A functional ribosome.
For DNA, they used radioactive phosphorus and it was injected into the phage. After being put through a centerfuge it was found in the pellet. For proteins, they used radioactive sulfer which was injected into the protein coat. After the use of a centerfuge it was found in the supernatent.
Rank from most to least severe mutation: Silent mutation, nonsense mutation, and 1 nucleotide insertion.
Nonsense mutation, 1 nucleotide insertion (frameshift), and silent mutation.