Reconquista
The Reconquista was
the “reconquering” of Iberia achieved by violently ousting the Moors and and forcing conversion to Catholicism
Once Aztec and Inca treasure ran out, Iberians achieved wealth through what two industries?
Silver mining and sugar cultivation
What was manumission, and where was it the most likely?
1) a single slave freed individually 2) in Latin American cities where they could earn their own money.
The cash crop that motivated Europeans to enslave Africans was ___ in the ___ and ____.
sugar, Caribbean (Cuba) and Brazil.
Transculturation is
the dynamic process of cultural transformation where different societies interact to blend elements and create new cultural forms and identities
The last Iberian country to complete their Reconquista was ___ in the year ____.
Spain, 1492.
The 4 viceroyalties were
New Spain, Peru, Rio de la Plata, New Granada
While ___________ were seen as a threat to the job market in North America, there was room for them in both Latin America's economy and racial hierarchy.
free black people
Agency is
the concept that individuals have free will and power to influence what happens to them (not just passively accepting)
The areas the saw the highest rates of transculturation were the
cities (European design, yet very ethnically diverse and led to new cultural forms and new racial mixes)
The three characteristics of the Reconquista are
1.Completely conquering a territory/overcoming former rulers
2.Forced religious conversion
3.Demand of tribute from the conquered groups
The Encomienda system was when
the land/labor of the conquered given as reward to the conqueror (was a way to manage land and control indigenous populations/keep them subservient)
While North America had a 2-tier racial hierarchy, Latin America had a _____, which meant that ____.
3-tier racial hierarchy, meaning you could be recognized as a biracial (not just white or black).
A palenque or a quilombo
were independent settlement of escaped slaves (maroons) that operated as independent communities (not seen in the US, run as African-style governments)
An example of racial transculturation is
The Reconquista is significant for Latin American history because
Spanish conquistadors applied their the same "tried and true" methods to subdue and control indigenous Americans
The "Fringes of Empire" are defined as
•Regions outside of city centers/sugar and silver production,
•initially less attractive to Iberian colonizers because less chance for wealth
•where racial minorities had the most power
What is Blanqueamiento and how does it relate to "social race"?
physically having whiter skin = more power and privilege, but the idea of "social race" means that you could also socially “whiten” yourself by having a high-status job and wealth
(shows status was negotiable in Latin America!)
Two examples of how enslaved people asserted agency include
•Running away (either petit marronage or grand marronage)
•“Passive resistance”
•Suicide and infanticide
•Revolting and killing owners
•Forming families
An example of religious transculturation is
• African-inspired Catholicism (traditional drums/dance added to Christian services)
•Indigenous imagery in church art and the merging of Tonantzin/Virgin of Guadalupe