Lecture 1
This organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis, drug detoxification, and calcium storage
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Components of an amino acid
What are...
1. central carbon
2. amine group
3. carboxyl group
4. R group
Components of a nucleotide
What are...
1. phosphate
2. nitrogenous base
3. 5-carbon sugar
These three processes modify pre-mRNA before it becomes mature mRNA.
What are 5′ capping, splicing, and polyadenylation?
This type of RNA is read by the ribosome to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein.
What is mRNA?
The 3 domains of life
What are bacteria, eukarya, and archaea?
3 interactions holding protein structures together (aside from peptide bonds)
What are...
1. hydrophobic clustering
2. hydrogen bonds
3. disulfide
4. ionic
Components of RNA vs DNA
What are...
1. uracil vs thymine
2. ribose vs deoxyribose
3. single-stranded vs double-stranded
4. less stable vs more stable
This cellular machinery is responsible for removing introns and joining exons during RNA splicing.
What is the spliceosome?
This enzyme attaches the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA.
What is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
The evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts
What are symbiotic relationships?
Folding patterns make up secondary structure and their directions
What are...
1. alpha helices
2. beta sheets (a. antiparallel b. parallel)
The role of TFIIH and TFIID in transcription initiation
What are...
1. TFIID binds the promoter and helps recruit other factors
2. TFIIH unwinds DNA and activates RNA polymerase II
These proteins recognize the signal for 3′ end processing and help recruit the machinery needed to add the poly-A tail.
What are CPSF and CstF?
During translation, this ribosomal site is where a new aminoacyl-tRNA enters the ribosome.
What is the A site?
3 differences in plant cells
What are...
1. larger central vacuoles
2. simple cell walls
3. chloroplasts
4. lack of lysosomes and centrioles
What are...
A subunit is a separate polypeptide chain, while a domain is a distinct functional/structural region within a polypeptide
Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA
What are post-transcriptional modifications?
This type of chemical reaction occurs twice during RNA splicing to remove introns and join exons.
What is a transesterification reaction?
A ribosome encounters UAA, UAG, or UGA and this happens next.
What is translation termination?
The macromolecules and their monomers
What are...
1. Protein - amino acids
2. Nucleic Acids - nucleotides
3. Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation process
What is...
1. A protein is phosphorylated by a kinase, using ATP and turning it into ADP, to attach a phosphate group to the protein.
2. A protein is dephosphorylated by a phosphatase, using water to remove the phosphate from the protein and producing inorganic phosphate.
This DNA region helps initiate transcription, while this DNA region helps regulate gene expression from a distance.
What are a promoter and an enhancer?
These proteins help prevent splicing errors by binding to exons and introns and helping the spliceosome identify the correct regions.
What are SR proteins and hnRNP proteins?
A protein has a long chain of ubiquitin attached to it. What is the cell most likely preparing this protein to do?
What is being degraded by the proteasome?