chemistry
the nucleus is made up of what 2 things?
protons & neutrons
another name for a macromolecule is what
a polymer
where does RNA polymerase attach to begin transcription?
promoter sequence (region)
what structure makes the proteins during translation
ribosomes
What are the 3 domains of life?
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
atoms of the same element but have a different number of neutrons are called what
isotopes
Which bases of DNA are considered purines? Which are considered pyridines?
purines (double ring)=A + G
pyridines (single ring)= C, T, U
What helps RNA polymerase attach to the promoter region?
transcription factors
what is a codon
a sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for one specific amino acid
what type of experiment allows you to test hypotheses against data that already exists?
comparative experiments
molecules held together by what type of bonds do not mix well with water
non polar covalent
Describe the structure of the lipid bilayer (what are the lipids composed of)
glycerol backbone, fatty acid chains/tails facing inwards away from water (hydrophobic), polar heads facing outwards (hydrophilic), & phosphate group
When does RNA polymerase stop transcribing?
when it reaches the terminator sequence
what do initiation factors do?
they recruit & attach the small subunit of the ribosome & the tRNA to the mRNA
they also scan the mRNA for an AUG (start codon)
list the steps of the scientific method in order
observations > question > hypothesis > experiments > conclusion
what is another name for something that is nonpolar? what is another name for something that is polar?
nonpolar= hydrophobic
polar= hydrophilic
where do peptide bonds form between 2 amino acids?
the carboxyl group of one amino acids & the amine group of the other amino acid
what is the job of RNA polymerase (what does it specifically do during the transcription process)
It turns the DNA nucleotides into RNA nucleotides by switching them out
describe ribosome movement along the mRNA
A peptide bond forms between the amino acid on the tRNA in the A site
The ribosome continues to move down the mRNA to each codon
When moving to the next codon, the tRNA carrying the polypeptide moves to the P site
The now uncharged tRNA moves to the E site where it is kicked out
A new tRNA complementary to the next codon binds to the A site
what element makes up MOST of the human body
oxgen
describe van der waals force
constant motion of electrons leads to regions of slightly charged areas & these charges are repelled or attracted by neighboring molecules
True or false: amino acids can only be hydrophobic
False= amino acids can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on what type of side group (R group) they have
What are the steps of RNA processing?
add a poly a tail to 3' end
add 5' cap to 5' end
spliceosome removes introns and leaves exons
What is the start codon? What are the 3 stop codons?
start codon= AUG
stop codon= UAA, UAG,UGA
2nd law= the amount of disorder (entropy) of a system increases
1st law= energy can never be created or destroyed just transformed from one state to another