Tissues & Joints Pt. 2
Example of a saddle joint and its clinical relevance?
Cricoarytenoid joint
Found at the juncture of the cricoid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages.
Clinical relevance? When this joint moves, it abducts and adducts the vocal folds.
What are skeletal muscles and what muscle groups are they found in?
These are voluntary muscles, meaning they are under our direct control.
They are found in muscle groups that control respiration, chewing, swallowing, voicing, facial expression, and articulation.
What is the origin, insertion, and function of the masseter?
Origin = maxillary process of the zygomatic bone
Insertion = mandible
Function = elevate/close the mandible, important for chewing
What are the two types of muscle tone and how do they affect speech?
Hypotonicity = lack of muscle tone
Speech will sound slow and person may sound out of breath
May be present in individuals with cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and stroke
Hypertonicity = too much muscle tone
Speech will sound rigid, harsh, or strained
Maybe present in individuals with cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s, and stroke
Boundaries of the thorax:
The thorax is bound superiorly by the 1st rib and clavicle.
The inferior boundary of the thorax is the 12th rib.
The lateral and anterior aspects of the thorax are bound by the ribs & the sternum.
What are diarthrodial joints and what are the 6 types?
Joints that move freely
Gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket
What is the origin and insertion of a muscle?
Origin = the proximal (closer to the body/middle) end of the muscle. This side stabilizes the muscle and does not move!
Insertion = the distal (further from the body/middle) end of the muscle. This side of the muscle allows the muscle to move!
Names of muscles often reflect their shape or function. What does the name “quadratus lumborum” tell you about that muscle?
It is quad shaped (quadratus) and it is found in the lower back (lumborum). This is an accessory muscle of exhalation.
What structures make up the Upper Respiratory Tract? What structures make up the Lower Respiratory Tract?
The upper respiratory tract is composed of the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the pharyngeal cavity.
The vertebral column is split into 5 parts. What are the 5 parts called?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae
Example of a gliding joint
Joints found between the vertebrae
When a skeletal muscle contracts, the distance between the origin and insertion ______.
Shortens
Names of muscles often reflect their shape or function. What does the name “serratus” tell you about the muscle?
It is saw-like and fans out. This is an accessory muscle of inhalation, meaning when it contracts it allows air to fill the lungs.
What are the 5 parts of the sternum? What is the clinical relevance of the xiphoid process?
The 5 parts of the sternum:
Manubrium sterni
corpus/body
Sternal notch
Manubrosternal angle
Xiphoid process
The clinical relevance of the xiphoid process:
When doing CPR, you find this spot, move up 2, and then start chest compressions.
All ribs, except for the 2 most inferior ribs, are attached anteriorly to the sternum via the ________ joint.
Costosternal
What are 2 examples of a pivot joint and what is their clinical relevance?
C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Atlas)
Clinical relevance? C1 anchors the skull and C2 rotates the head
Cricothyroid Joint
Clinical relevance? This is found at the juncture of the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. When it moves, it will change the pitch of your voice.
What is the origin, insertion, and function of the zygomatic major?
Origin = zygomatic bone (cheekbone)
Insertion = angle of the mouth
Function = produces a wide smile
Names of muscles often reflect their shape or function. What does the name “temporalis” tell you about the muscle?
It is found on the temporal bone of the cranium. This muscle will elevate/close the mandible when it contracts.
What divides the upper respiratory tract from the lower respiratory tract?
The larynx
All ribs articulate _____ to the vertebral column.
Posteriorly
Example of a condyloid joint and its clinical relevance?
The condylar process of the mandible
Clinical relevance? Allows the jaw to move side to side
What is the origin, insertion, and function of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)?
Origin = cricoid cartilage
Insertion = arytenoid cartilage
Function = will abduct/open the vocal folds
What are the two types of muscle contraction?
Isometric = the muscle generates force, but does not produce movement
Example: holding a cup
Isotonic = the length of the muscle changes and movement occurs
Example: voicing, chewing, articulation, and facial expressions
List the 3 types of ribs and where they articulate.
True ribs: ribs 1-7 and they articulate with the sternum via cartilage.
False ribs: ribs 8-10 and they articulate with the sternum via cartilage.
Floating ribs: ribs 11-12 and they articulate only with the vertebral column.
How does the ribcage move during inhalation? How does the ribcage move during exhalation?
During inhalation, the ribcage moves laterally, superiorly, and anteriorly.
During exhalation, the moves medially, inferiorly, and posteriorly.