Vitamins
This vitamin can be produced by the body when skin is exposed to sunlight and helps regulate calcium absorption.
What is vitamin D?
These three major electrolytes help regulate fluid balance, nerve impulses, and muscle contractions.
What are sodium, potassium, and chloride?
This condition occurs when fluid losses exceed fluid intake, potentially impairing physical and cognitive performance.
What is dehydration?
These products are intended to supplement the diet and may contain vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, or other dietary ingredients.
What are dietary supplements?
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A deficiency of this B vitamin during pregnancy increases the risk of neural tube defects, including spina bifida.
What is folate (vitamin B9)?
This condition occurs when potassium levels in the blood fall below the normal range and may cause muscle weakness or cramps.
What is hypokalemia?
This type of body fluid is found outside the cells and includes fluid in the blood plasma and the spaces between cells.
What is extracellular water?
NSF Certified for Sport and Informed Sport are examples of these independent checks that help verify supplement contents and screen for certain prohibited substances.
What are third-party verification or certification programs?
This peptide is very commonly used (1 in 8 people) and is intended for weight loss.
What is a GLP-1
These four vitamins are stored in the body's fat tissues and require dietary fat for proper absorption.
What are vitamins A, D, E, and K?
This mineral helps buffer acidic end products produced during exercise and plays an important role in maintaining acid-base balance.
What is phosphorus?
This life-threatening heat-related illness can cause confusion, altered mental status, collapse, and an elevated core body temperature during exercise.
What is heat stroke?
This category of performance-enhancing substances includes drugs or hormones used to enhance athletic performance through their pharmacological effects.
What are pharmacological ergogenics?
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During exercise, these unstable molecules can increase in production and contribute to oxidative stress when they exceed the body's antioxidant defenses.
What are free radicals?
This oxygen-binding protein contains iron and stores oxygen within skeletal muscle cells to support aerobic metabolism.
What is myoglobin?
Water from these sources—including plain water, milk, juice, other beverages, and food—contributes to a person's total daily water intake.
What are all fluids and water-containing foods?
Unlike medications, dietary supplements generally do not need this federal agency's approval for safety and effectiveness before being marketed in the United States.
What is FDA approval?
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Who is Michael Jackson
This prefix, found in terms such as phytochemicals and phytonutrients, refers to something derived from this source.
What is a plant?
Approximately this percentage of the body's fluoride is found in the teeth, according to your textbook.
What is 98%?
To adequately replace sweat losses after exercise, an athlete should consume approximately this percentage of the fluid lost.
What is 100–150% of sweat losses?
This term describes the use of prohibited substances or methods to enhance athletic performance in violation of anti-doping rules.
What is doping?
What is Gatorade