DNA and RNA Structure
RNA and DNA
Reproduction
Evolution
Exam Questions
100
What is a monomer and polymer of DNA?
Polymer is nucleic acid, and monomer is the nucleotides.
100
You have a mRNA sequences of: 5’ – AUG – UAU – CGU – CGG – GCU – UAG -3’. What is amino acids would this sequence code for? Use the code from Lecture 9 to help you translate.
https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/f5de6355003ee322782b26404ef0733a1d1a61b0.png
100
How many mature eggs (in mammals/humans) result from one germ cell undergoing meiosis?( for female and males)
Female produce one ovum, and the male produce four sperm cells.
100
What is population and variation?
Population is a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species. Gene pool is all the alleles present in a population.
100
_____ Place the following events of the cell cycle (presuming the cell cycle starts with G1) in the correct order. I. Sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate. II. The cleavage furrow forms. III. DNA replication occurs. IV. Sister chromatids condense. V. Sister chromatids separate. A. I, II, III, IV, V B. III, IV, I, V, II C. IV, III, I, V, II D. III, II, I, IV, V E. IV, I, III, V, II
B
200
What is the difference between nucleotide and nucleoside?
Nucleotide is Base+ Sugar+ Phosphate. Nucleoside is Sugar+ Base.
200
What happens as the Pre-MRNA as it matures?
As it matures, there is a addition of 5' ca, splicing of introns, and addition of a poly A tail.
200
Describe the process of neurulation. How is this an example of embryonic induction?
During neurulation, the notochord induces the neural plate, and the neural plate fold into a neural tube. The ectoderm wraps around it. The neural tube later becomes the spinal cord and brain. This is an example of embryonic induction because that certain cells are interact with neighboring cells to stimulate differentiation.
200
What causes variation come from and what are the different types and what do they cause?
The point mutation i s a change of a nucleotide in a DNA sequence. The different types of point mutations are heritable which in primary soermatocyte and oocyte and cause inhertiable diseases. The somatic which is body cells and that causes cancer.
200
_____ The formation of tetrads in meiosis: A. is required for crossing over to occur. B. reduces genetic variability. C. ensures that the resulting haploid cells will have the same combination of homologous chromosomes as the original diploid cell. D. aids in the alignment of sister chromatids in a single row along the metaphase plate. E. occurs in meiosis II.
A
300
What does the term anti-parallel mean regarding the two strands of DNA that make up a double helix? What holds the two strands together?
This means that two strands are identical but run opposite of each other. One strand of DNA is 5' to 3' and the complementary strand is 3' to 5'. What holds the two strands together is hydrogen bond.
300
Describe the process of transcription. Include enzymes and the three major steps in your description. Consider making a sketch.
This is the process of copying DNA to RNA. RNA polymerase synthesize in a 5' to 3' direction. The template strand is 3' to 5'. The base change from A G C T to A G C U.
300
What are the three germ layers? Name on organ/organ system that develops from each during organogenesis.
LOOK ON word sheet
300
What do you want avoid interbreeding ?
Interbreeding is mating with individuals close to you. The reason are because you need more diversity in your offspring. It results in birth defects.
300
Suppose that an individual of some beetle species has 2N=8 and the genotype AABBddEe. a. If one cell from this organism does mitosis one time, how many chromosomes will be in each cell produced?________________ b.What will be the genotype of each of these cells________________________________________.
a. 8 b. AABBddEe
400
What are telomeres and the function of them? What does telomerase do and where is it found?
Telomeres are a short non coding G-rich sequence that repeat many times. The chromosomes get shorter during each round of replication. It is needed to protect the ends of chromosomes. Telomerase lengthens telomerase by adding nucleotides sequences back to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Thy are in germ line cells, rapidly dividing cells, and most types of cancers.
400
What is the difference(s) in synthesis between a leading strand and a lagging strand? Draw it out and label your picture.
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/e5/97/ab/e597ab1c0cc8c4010531a5e8a5e8490a.jpg
400
Describe the formation of sperm gametes and fertilization .
Germ cell turns into a primary spermatocyte in prophase I. Then a secondary spermatocyte is a haploid then goes to the spermatids. Once they enter the female body they become mature.
400
What is genetic drift and how does it lead to evolution?
Genetic Drift is the changes in the gene pool by chance. It can eliminate great alleles by chance, and is most important in small populations. Habitat formation leads to more genetic drift and makes populations more liable to extinction. So, together natural selection, genetic drift, and sexual selection all cause evolution in all species in the planet.
400
16. Gametogenesis in human females a) begins before birth b) takes a total of about four weeks to complete c) produces four functional gametes for each meiosis d) produces many gametes, each containing exactly the same alleles e) involves exactly equal cytokinesis throughout meiosis
A
500
What does the term semi-conservative mean?
Semi-conservative means you have a double stranded DNA that seperates. Then a complementary strand created from each of those strands. You create two new daughter DNA molecules.
500
Describe the process of transcription. Include enzymes and the three major steps in your description. Consider making a sketch.
Initiation is transcription factors come to the TATA box in the promoter region. RNA polymerase is attaches and unwinds DNA and begins transcription. Elongation is the addition of nucleotides to growing chain of nucleic acids. Termination is the PNA polymerase reaches stop codon and stop transcribing.
500
Describe the formation of egg gametes and fertilizartion .
Oogensis is the germ cell enlarges into a primary oocyte which is in prophase I and the developing follicles are made. It mature follicle with a secondary oocyte which is in metaphase II. When the egg is ready to be released the follicle ruptures by having increasing amounts of estrogen and progesterone being secreted by the corpus luteum . The eggs is either fertilized and then completes meiosis. But if the egg is not, then menstruation will begin by the Endometrium thickening for the fertilized egg and decrease in estrogen and progesterone.
500
Describe Allopatric speciation model.
Speciation is the formation of 2 species into 1. Step 1: one species gets divided and 2 separate populations. Step 2: In each location experience, there is genetic drift, and mutation occurs and causes differences. Step 3: after time passes the differences prevent the two species from mating.
500
. Write in the best answer for each. a) The enzymes that read DNA and produce mRNA are called_________________ b) The process of making an mRNA molecule based on a sequence in DNA is called ___________________ c) Each human ovum normally has how many autosomes? ___________ d) The cell that begins meiosis to produce sperm is called a ______________________ e) Any group of organisms that contains the common ancestor and all of its descendants is called a __________________ group f) During mRNA processing, the sections removed are called____________
18. a. RNA polymerase b. transcription c. 22 d. primary spermatocyte e. monophyletic f. intron
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