Biomolecules and protein structure
These monomers are joined together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.
What are amino acids?
This term describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is osmosis?
A reaction that releases free energy and has lower-energy products than reactants.
What is exergonic.
The reactions of the Krebs, or citric acid cycle occur in this place.
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
Between a photon of short wavelength and one of long wavelength, this photon contains more energy.
What is the shorter-wavelength photon?
Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, giving them this property.
What is amphipathic?
During simple diffusion, a solute has a net movement from an area of ______ concentration to _____ concentration.
What is high to low concentration?
This type of pathway consumes energy and builds complex molecules.
What is anabolic?
During respiration, electrons are temporarily stored on these two reduced electron carriers before eventually reaching the ETC.
What are NADH and FADH2?
The flattened sacs inside chloroplasts; stacks of them are called grana, are called these.
What are thylakoids.
Denaturation would result in this level of protein structure.
What is primary structure?
Water moves into a cell and causes it to swell and burst, what is the solution relative to the cell's cytoplasm?
What is hypotonic?
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this energy barrier, while leaving the overall Delta G unchanged.
What is activation energy?
Electron transport establishes an H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. H+ flowing back through this protein complex drives ATP production.
What is ATP synthase?
This chloroplast compartment is the liquid matrix surrounding the thylakoids and is where the Calvin cycle occurs.
What is the stroma?
This protein structure is created by interactions between amino acid side chains.
What is tertiary structure?
Glucose cannot readily cross the lipid bilayer, but it moves through a membrane protein from high to low concentration without ATP. This type of transport os occurring.
What is facilitated diffusion?
For a process to be spontaneous, Delta G must have this relationship to 0.
Per glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle produces this many NADH,FADH2, and ATP.
What are 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP?
This protein splits water to replace lost electrons, and releases oxygen as a byproduct.
What is photosystem II?
These structures are common in secondary structures of proteins and are stabilized by H-bonds
What are a-helices and b-sheets?
An ATP-powered pump first creates an electrochemical gradient. The stored energy in that gradient is then used to move another substance. This second process is called this.
What is cotransport?
When substrate binding causes an enzyme to change shape so the substrates are held in a better orientation, this model of enzyme action is occuring.
What is induced fit?
What is the intermembrane space?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts both use electron transport to establish an H+ gradient. The shared mechanism in which that gradient drives ATP synthesis is called this.
What is chemiosmosis?