Sensation & Perception
The way we make sense of, interpret, or figure out the sensory energy we receive
What is perception?
Name these:
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
What is Unconditioned Stimulus?
What is Unconditioned Response?
What is Conditioned Stimulus?
What is Conditioned Response?
A reinforcer/punishment that is added to change the behavior is....
A reinforcer/punishment that is taken away to change the behavior is...
What is positive?
What is negative?
What are the three steps involved in memory?
What is encode?
What is store?
What is retrieve?
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
What is a concept?
When your senses are bombarded by the same constant energy, you become a kind of 'blind' to it. Another definition: diminished sensitivity as a
consequence of constant stimulation.
What is sensory adaptation?
Learning that two events occur together.
What is associative learning?
Procedures that increase behavior are...
Procedures that decrease behavior are...
What is reinforcement?
What is punishment?
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage & retrieval of information
What is memory?
Prototype: mental images or best examples of a category
What is a prototype?
When stimuli are below one’s absolute
threshold for conscious awareness
What is subliminal?
The previously neutral stimulus that becomes paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response in an animal.
What is the CS (Conditioned Stimulus)?
Chamber with a bar that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer.
What is an Operant Chamber?
Activated memory that holds a few things for a brief period of time, lasts about 12 seconds, and can hold anywhere from 5 – 9 items.
What is short-term memory?
This type of problem solving is long & complicated, uses methodical, logical rules, & procedures, goes step by step to consider all possible solutions until the best one is found, and always leads us to the correct answer but not always efficient.
What is algorithm?
Analysis that begins with sensory receptors & works up to the brain’s processing of sensory information.
What is Bottom-Up Processing?
Whenever the automatic stimulus is present, there has to be ...
What is an automatic response?
Learning in which behavior becomes more likely to occur with reinforcement or less likely to recur if followed by punishment
What is Operant Conditioning?
Making material personally meaningful.
What is encoding?
How an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions & judgments.
What is framing?
Processing guided by higher-level mental processes, like when we construct perceptions based on our experience & expectations.
What is Top-Down Processing?
Learning to link 2 or more stimuli and as a result, the first stimulus comes to elicit a behavior in anticipation of the 2nd stimulus
What is Classical Conditioning?
Using reinforcers to guide behavior towards closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior
What is shaping?
The unconscious encoding of incidental
information, well-learned and familiar
information, includes implicit memories.
What is automatic processing?
Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes while ignoring potentially other relevant information.
What is representative heuristic?