Plasma Membrane
This structure forms the basic framework of the plasma membrane and is composed of two layers of phospholipids.
Phospholipid bilayer
If a reaction occurs quickly, is it safe to say it is a spontaneous reaction?
No, spontaneous just means that no additional energy is required for reaction to occur
How does ATP release its energy?
ATP releases energy when its terminal phosphate group is removed
This organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
Chloroplast
Define anabolic reactions
metabolic processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones
This type of membrane transport moves substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration and requires ATP.
Active transport
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamic?
Transfer of energy is not completely efficient
Differentiate between autotrophs, photoautotrophs and heterotrophs
Auto: produce own organic molecules
Photo: uses photosynthesis to convert light to energy
Hetero: relies on sugars produced by autotrophs for energy needs
What are the three reactants required for photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and light energy
Label this definition
“Movement independent of gradient, additional energy required”
Bulk transport
A cell is placed in a solution where the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside. Predict the direction water will move and describe what happens to the cell.
Water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink
What 3 components makes up an ATP molecule?
3 phosphate groups, ribose, adenosine base.
What cellular respiration process is this?
1 Glucose → 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP (net) + 2 NADH
Glycolysis
Which stage of photosynthesis uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into sugars?
The Calvin Cycle
BONUS 400 PTS
What is your SI’s last name?
Gutierrez
What is the purpose of cholesterol in the bilayer plasma membrane?
This molecule is embedded between phospholipids and helps maintain membrane fluidity by preventing the membrane from becoming too rigid in the cold and too fluid in the heat.
Reaction A:
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-
Reaction B:
Cl2 + 2e- →2Cl-
Identify:
Where in a eukaryotic cell does the citric acid cycle occur?
The mitochondrial matrix
A plant is kept in complete darkness for several days. Which stage of photosynthesis will stop immediately, and why?
the light-dependent reactions
Define Substrate Phosphorylation
Metabolic process where ATP is generated by directly transferring a phosphate group from a reactive, high-energy substrate molecule to ADP.
This membrane protein uses the movement of H⁺ ions or Na⁺ ions to produce ATP during cellular respiration
ATP synthase
A biochemical reaction has a ΔG = -45 kJ/mol.
Name 2 ways in which cellular respiration is regulated
- Hormonal control of glucose entry into the cell
- Enzyme reversibility (functioning to substrate product equilibrium) or irreversibility (able to exceed equilibrium)
- Enzyme sensitivity to pH changes due to lactic acid build-up
- Feedback controls
Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration by identifying one product of photosynthesis that is used as a reactant in cellular respiration.
glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) or oxygen (O₂)
Define the Calvin Cycle
the set of light-independent chemical reactions that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis