Learning
the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs?
What is the bell
What is the capacity and duration of short-term memory?
Short-term memory has limited capacity (about 7 items) and a short duration (around 20 seconds without rehearsal).
Define divergent thinking and give an example.
Divergent thinking is the ability to think creatively and generate multiple solutions. Example: Brainstorming ideas for a new project.
What is the term for the prenatal stage that lasts approximately two weeks and involves the formation of a zygote?
Who proposed the theory of universal grammar, suggesting that humans are biologically predisposed to learn language?
Noam Chomsky
Define reinforcement and provide an example of positive reinforcement.
Reinforcement is a process that increases the likelihood of a behavior. Positive reinforcement adds something desirable. Example: Giving a treat to a dog for sitting.
Provide an example of procedural memory.
Riding a bike or playing a musical instrument.
Give an example of the anchoring bias.
Anchoring bias occurs when individuals rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the "anchor") when making decisions. Example: Setting a price based on the first offer in a negotiation.
According to Erik Erikson, what is the psychosocial crisis during the stage of industry versus inferiority?
What is the stage of middle childhood (6 - 12 years old)
the term for the tendency to approach a problem with the mindset of what has worked in the past, limiting the potential for problem-solving?
Who proposed the Social Learning Theory, emphasizing the role of modeling and observational learning?
Albert Bandura
What is retroactive interference?
Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information.
What is the term for a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that simplifies decision-making?
What is a heuritic?
The term for the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver?
What is attachment?
The name of the phenomenon where old information interferes with the recall of new information?
What is proactive interference
Give an example of habituation and explain its significance.
Habituation is the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus. Example: Ignoring background noise in a busy office.
Name a neurodegenerative disorder associated with memory loss.
Alzheimer's disease.
According to Howard Gardner, what type of intelligence involves an understanding of oneself and others, and the ability to control and use emotions effectively?
emotional intelligence
According to Piaget, this is the term for the ability of a child to understand that changing the appearance of an object does not change its fundamental properties?
What is conservation?
The term for the process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior?
What is shaping?
Give an example of latent learning, a concept introduced by Edward Tolman.
Rats who learned a maze, but didn't exhibit faster times UNTIL the reinforcement was placed at the end of the maze.
What is the most common cause of amnesia, where individuals are unable to form new memories?
Brain injury or trauma (damage to the hippocampus)
The most common cause of amnesia, where individuals are unable to form new memories, is often associated with a condition known as anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is characterized by the inability to create new memories or retain new information after a specific point in time, often as a result of damage to the hippocampus or related brain structures.
What is the term for the cognitive bias where individuals favor information that confirms their existing beliefs?
Confirmation Bias
Provide an example of a behavior or trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
1) intelligence
2) personality
3) height
4) weight
According to Piaget, this is the term for the stage where children develop the ability to think logically about abstract concepts?
What is the formal operations stage