Macromolecules
function
All feedback loops have these four things
1. receptor 2. stimulus 3. effector 4. response
Name 3 types of passive transport.
1. simple diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion 3. osmosis
example - when white blood cells engulf bacteria in order to fight infection
Endocytosis
The type of signal that travels to distant cells, through blood vessels
hormone
This macromolecule is made of fatty acids and glycerol
lipids
the stability of the internal environment and the mechanisms that maintain the stability or equilibrium within the body
homeostasis
A transport protein acts to help the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn't pass through the cell membrane (large/polar molecules)
facilitated diffusion
example - when nerve cells secrete neurotransmitters to send signals throughout the body
Exocytosis
Ligands for these signals are large and/or polar and cannot diffuse through a cell membrane
membrane receptors
These two macromolecules are for energy storage
lipids and carbohydrates
the output (or product) of a system intensifies the response
positive feedback
water moves from areas of ______ water concentration to areas of _____ water concentration until equilibrium is reached
high water concentration to low water concentration
For every 3 Na+ ions moved out of the cell, how many K+ ions are brought in
2
a small molecule that serves as an intermediate between the receptor and the cascade of responses after it
second messenger
Examples of this macromolecule include DNA and RNA - the blue prints for life
Nucleic Acid
the output (or product) of a system causes a counter response to return to a set point
negative feedback mechanism
When a cell is in an extracellular hypertonic solution, what does that mean for the concentration of water in the cell vs water in the extracellular solution.
The extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of water than is found inside the cell.
3 types of active transport
1. molecular pumps 2. endocytosis 3. exocytosis
When a ligand binds to the receptor protein, the bond is noncovalent which means
the bond is reversible
Put the following in order from smallest to largest: cells, tissues, organs, macromolecules, organ systems, organism
macromolecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Give one example of both a positive and negative feedback mechanism.
(-) body temp[thermoregulation], water concentration[osmoregulation], blood sugar regulation
When a cell is in a hypotonic solution, what happens to the cell?
water moves into a cell and the cell swells
These two type of active transport use vesicles to get things into and out of the cell
1. endocytosis 2. exocytosis
the signal transduction pathway is made of of 3 steps
1. signal 2. receptor 3. response