NAME THAT PHILOSOPHER
In addition for his contributions against the problem of evil, this classical compatibilist is famous for arguing that human behavior is just as deterministic as the physical world
Who is David Hume?
Leibniz claims we live in a deterministic world because this omnipotent being found the "blueprint" for the best possible world and decided to create us
Who is God?
The doctrine that every event and action is completely determined by prior events
What is determinism?
Unlike the willing addict, this person is not morally responsible for taking the drug
What is an unwilling addict?
According to Leibniz, if we choose to act on the clearly irrational choice, then our action was not this
What is free?
This 17th century hard determinist believed everything in nature--including humans--follow the same laws that are completely determined by "God" or "Nature", and thus our future is logically necessary
Who is Baruch Spinoza?
"I want to eat ice cream" is an example of this
What is a first-order desire?
This free will position holds that free will exists and and free will is not compatible with a deterministic world
What is libertarianism?
If you got kidnapped on your way to pick up your kid from school, Hume says we would not be morally responsible for not picking up our kid from school because our actions were not the result of our this
What is character (desires)?
According to Leibniz, though we live in a deterministic world, we are still acting freely when we abide by this uniquely-human, God-given quality
What is rationality?
This contemporary compatibilist believes we should focus more on whether we can be morally blameworthy or praiseworthy for our actions than whether we have free will
Who is John Martin Fischer?
Fischer claims as long as you have guidance control--the ability to guide your actions through your decision-making--then that is all you need to have this
What is moral responsibility?
Strawson and Pereboom defend this incompatibilist view that denies free will
What is hard incompatibilism?
Pereboom's argument against compatibilism that involves four scenarios of increasing manipulation of Professor Plum’s decision to kill Ms. White
What is the Four-Case Argument (Manipulation Argument)?
Leibniz argues an action is free if it possess these three components: intelligence, spontaneity, and this third one that explains why our actions are certain but not necessary
What is contingency?
This libertarian argued against the luck objection by claiming that though the business woman did not have a choose to be in that "torn decision", she still used her own reasoning to make her decision
Who is Robert Kane?
Free will skeptics pose this famous challenge against libertarianism that asks how libertarians to explain how causally undetermined actions are actual exercises of free will as opposed to just mere chance
What is the luck objection?
Free will is compatible with determinism if our actions align with our second-order desires
What is hierarchical compatibilism?
Named after its creator, this thought experiment shows that someone can be morally responsible even if they could not have done otherwise
What is a Frankfurt case?
Occurring at "torn decisions", this kind of free action forms itself based on the agent’s prior reflection on their preferences and desires
What is a self-forming action?
This philosopher pointed out that sometimes atoms swerve randomly and cause new causal chains, and thus this chance/randomness creates an indetermined world
Who is Epicurus?
According to Galen Strawson, we could only be truly responsible if we were this, which would allow us to have chosen our own preferences, values, upbringing, and reasoning abilities
What is self-caused?
Associated with John Martin Fischer
What is semicompatibilism?
Fischer says if the driver only has a desire to turn left, but unbeknownst to them, their car can only make left turns anyway, then the driver has guidance control but not this other kind of control
What is regulative control?
According to Frankfurt, one is acting freely if their action match their this
What is second-order volition (or second-order desire)?