Neurons
Give the difference between a neuron and glial cell
What is: neurons are excitable cells that conduct APs while glial cells support/protect neurons
what does the central nervous system consist of. also, give me the general functions.
what is the brain and spinal cord.
what is to: collect information, process, and respond
What are the subdivisions of the ANS
What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Give me the general and special senses.
general: touch, temperature, pain, pressure
special: taste, vision, balance, smell
What is the fun saying regarding the photoreceptors Mr. Lin taught you?
What is the rods and cones are protected by a gang of lions. :D
What are: oligodendrocytes, ependymal, astrocytes, and microglia cells.
Give me the five lobes of the cerebrum and at least a function from each lobe.
What are: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and insula
Compare the pre and post ganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
What is: SNS (short pre and long post) and PSNS (long pre and short post)
Give the physiology of how olfaction works.
What is: odorant binds onto receptor to activate G-protein
G-protein activates A.C. into cyclic ATP which is turned into cAMP.cAMP opens ion channels to allow Na and Ca to enter
signal transduction of odorant
Give me the structures of the brainstem AND list some functions located here.
What are the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Structures that reside here are: reticular formation, tracts, and cranial nerves (originate in brainstem).
What is primary cause for an action potential?
What is the exchange of sodium and potassium between the cell.
What does the cerebral cortex consist of? Also, give the importance of this structure.
What are the primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortex, and association areas
Give the cranial nerves associated when sympathetic mode is activated.
What are cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10
What are the types of tastes? Also, what is each taste produced by?
What are sweet (simple sugars), sour, (lemon juice) salty (sodium and potassium), bitter (nitrogen-based), umami (produced by glutamate or other AAs)
What is ACh being a neurotransmitter that is both inhibitory and excitatory. Two types of receptors are Nicotinic ACh (skeletal muscle) and Muscarinic ACh recptors (cardiac and smooth muscle).
Name the two periods that occur during an action potential and explain them.
What are the absolute refractory and relative refractory periods.
This area of the brain contains the primary olfactory cortex.
What is the temporal lobe
Give the physiological changes that occurs during exercise.
What are changes in heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, digestive/urinary activity, pupil size, perspiration
name the two types of photoreceptors in the eye. Also, give their function.
What are rods and cones. Rods detect low light for peripheral vision and cones process high-resolution color vision.
What are two examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
What are glycine and GABA.
Give the main classes of neurotransmitters. Also, provide how they function.
What are: acetylcholine, biogenic amines (includes the catecholamines and indolamines), amino acids (glutamate, glycine, GABA), and neuropeptides (endorphins, substance P).
Provide the differences between the ascending and descending tracts. Also, where does decussation (crossover of the tracts) occur?
ascending tracts involve the LMNs to go toward spinal cord while the descending tracts go down and cross in medulla pyramids.
What is meant by the terms "thoracolumbar" and "craniosacral?"
What is the difference of regions and the location of nerves.
List the steps of how the eye reacts to both light AND dark
Light: light rays hit the photoreceptor, retinal is converted to the trans-form and splits from opsin.
g-protein is activated
activated transducin activates PDE
PDE converts cGMP to GMP
Na ion channels close
Photoreceptor hyperpolarizes
No inhibition on bipolar cellBipolar cells activate ganglion cells, therefore, an AP occurs!