lect 15
lect 16
lect 17
lect 18
lect 19/20
100
what does afferent mean? and efferent?
Afferent means 'toward' and efferent 'away' in this case taking as reference the CNS
100
what is the term for the opening of the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes?
foramen magnum
100
which type of matter is more prevalent in the brain?
White matter (60% of the brain)
100
what are the 2 subdivisions of the forebrain? from which primary brain vesicle do they originate?
Telencephalon and diencephalon. From the prosencephalon
100
what causes the opening of the voltage gated calcium channels at the axon terminal?
The depolarization caused by the arriving AP to the terminal button of the axon
200
what subdivisions of the PNS are involved in transmitting sensory information, such as painful stimulus from the skin to the CNS
Sensory somatic
200
what are the 3 horns of the spinal cord called? what can you find in each horn?
Dorsal or posterior horn (interneurons there), lateral horn (cell bodies of visceral motor neurons), ventral or anterior horn (cell bodies of somatic motor neurons)
200
what are meninges? where are they found?
Three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
200
why is the thalamus often referred to as the "gateway to the cerebral cortex" and what type of info does it transmit?
Because nearly all input to the cerebrum synapses in thalamic nuclei. Limbic, motor, and all sensory modalities besides olfaction) incoming from the periphery.
200
how does GABA induce hyperpolarization?
GABA binds to the GABA type A receptor in the postsynaptic neuron and open a channels for chloride ions. Cl- goes inside the neuron, producing hyperpolarization.
300
what is a tract? what is the primary differentiating factor between nerves and tracts, particularly in terms of their locations?
Bundles of axons in the CNS. The term "nerves" refers to the same concept but in the PNS
300
where are the soma of interneurons responsible for integrating sensory info from the periphery?
In the posterior horn of the spinal cord
300
what are the 4 ventricles of the brain?
Lateral ventricles (2), third ventricle, and fourth ventricle
300
how many functional groups of nuclei does the thalamus have, and what are their respective names?
5: medial, anterior, lateral, posterior, and ventral groups
300
what are the stages of sleep? what does REM stand for
(a) Sleep can be divided into two different general phases:REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep: stages N1,N2,N3. (b) Rapid Eye Movement (tip: think why)
400
what are the 3 primary components of a neuron, and which of the 2 constitute neuron processes?
Neuron processes: dendrites and axon. The other component is the cell body.
400
why is it called "white matter?"
It is called so because it appears white due to the abundance of myelinated nerve fibers in this region. Myelin is a fatty substance that covers many axons and gives them a white, glossy appearance.
400
what are dural venous sinuses, and what are their main functions?
The word "dural" refers to the dura mater, given their position. Dural sinuses are collecting pools of blood which drain venous blood circulating from the cranial cavity. One example is the superior sagittal sinus
400
besides their positions, what is the primary distinction between the lateral & ventral groups of thalamic nuclei when refering to somatosensory info?
The lateral group of nuclei relay this information to the sensory association areas of the cortex while the ventral group to the primary somatosensory cortex.
400
what are the primary functions of the limbic system as a whole?
Emotional processing, memory formation and retrieval, and learning
500
what 2 parts of a neuron form the trigger zone? why is it called a trigger zone?
Trigger zone: axon hillock + initial segment. It will "trigger" (initiates) the action potential (nerve signal)
500
what is the sequence of the components in a reflex arc?
1-Receptors, 2- Sensory neuron, 3- Spinal cord (interneurons), 4- motor neurons, 5- effectors
500
what are the 3 cellular elements of the blood brain barrier?
Endothelial cells (those that line the interior surface of blood vessels), pericytes, and astrocytes (their end-feet)
500
name all the cranial nerves in order with their respective function
500
what are the 3 stages involved in controlling voluntary movement & which area of structure of the NS is mainly implicated in each phase?
1. Planning of movement (premotor cortex). 2. Initiating movement (primary motor cortex). 3. Executing movement (alpha motor neurons in spinal cord)