Cancer
What is the main purpose of routine cancer screening?
To detect cancer at an early stage, when it is generally more treatable
Name one modifiable behavior or risk factor targeted for CVD prevention and management.
Smoking, physical activity, diet, weight, cholesterol, blood pressure, sleep, or fasting blood glucose.
Which type of Diabetes is reversible
Type 2 Diabetes
Name 2 health problems that obesity increases the risk of?
CVD, Diabetes, Hypertension, Stroke
What two broad groups of conditions are collectively called behavioral health disorders?
Mental health disorders and substance use disorders
Name 2 cancers where routine screening is recommended after a certain age
Breast, Cervical, Colorectal, Lung
What is the difference between primary and secondary prevention of CVD?
Primary prevention reduces risk factors to prevent an initial event; secondary prevention reduces events/mortality among people with established CVD.
What is the first-line treatment approach for type 2 diabetes
Lifestyle modification: balanced diet, increased physical activity, and weight loss.
Name two dietary modification strategies
Portion control, reading food labels, reducing fat, increasing fiber, preparing foods to reduce calories, or meal replacements (any two).
Poverty, poor health, employment opportunities, adequate income, hopefulness, racism, family structure changes, substance abuse, or socioeconomic inequality (any two).
Name two social or environmental factors connected to mental health in the slides.
Name two interventions shown to increase rates of breast, cervical, or colorectal screening uptake
Reminders, Small Media, One-on-one education, Community Health Workers, or Patient Navigators
How could social cognitive theory guide an intervention to increase physical activity after a cardiac event?
Build self-efficacy and skills through practice, achievable goals, feedback/modeling, and social support.
Name two emotional or psychosocial barriers that can interfere with diabetes management.
Depression, diabetes distress, anxiety, or fear of hypoglycemia (any two).
Name two core social cognitive theory-based strategies used in behavioral weight-loss treatment.
Goal-setting, self-monitoring, cognitive restructuring, self-efficacy enhancement, or social support with feedback/guidance (any two).
How can depression affect a person who is also managing a chronic medical condition?
Depression/anxiety may impair self-care and treatment adherence; chronic illness severity can also increase mental health burden.
A community has high cancer mortality but residents face transportation and insurance barriers. Why might simply offering screening fail to reduce inequity?
People also need equitable access to follow-up care/treatment.
A patient is referred to cardiac rehabilitation but cannot attend because of cost and transportation. Name two ways a program could improve access.
Address cost/ease of access; offer telemedicine, eHealth, internet-based, home-based, or community-based options; improve referral and early enrollment.
A patient feels ambivalent and unready to change diabetes behaviors. How could motivational interviewing help?
MI draws out the person's own reasons, importance, motivation/readiness, and confidence/capacity for change.
Residents lack safe places to exercise and affordable healthy food. Which social determinant domains are implicated?
Neighborhood/built environment and economic stability; healthcare access or social/community context may also contribute.
A patient is unsure whether to change substance use and feels judged by providers. How could motivational interviewing support change?
MI is collaborative and nonjudgmental; it draws out the person's own meaning, importance, and capacity for change and explores ambivalence/readiness.
Apply the Health Belief Model to a campaign encouraging eligible adults to complete cancer screening. Describe three constructs and how the campaign could address them.
Examples: susceptibility (personal risk), severity (potential consequences), benefits (early detection), barriers (cost/transport), self-efficacy (how to schedule/complete screening), cues to action (reminders).
Design a multicomponent secondary prevention plan after a cardiac event. Include at least three components and its overall goal.
Combine guideline-directed medication, cardiac rehab/exercise, dietary and lifestyle support, self-management education, stress management, family/social support, and coordinated multidisciplinary care. Goal: long-term change and fewer recurrent events/deaths.
Use social cognitive theory to outline a diabetes self-management intervention. Include three strategies.
Examples: achievable goals, skills practice/problem-solving, self-monitoring and feedback, self-efficacy building, family/peer support, and practice in real-life settings. Explain how they support behavior performance and maintenance.
A patient avoids obesity treatment because of embarrassment and fear of judgment. Name two patient barriers and explain how weight stigma can worsen health.
Barriers include embarrassment, fear, low motivation, and cost. Stigma is linked to binge/emotional eating, reduced physical activity, and impaired treatment.
A patient says, 'If I make one mistake, it proves I'm a failure.' Identify the thinking trap and explain a CBT response.
All-or-nothing thinking. Validate feelings while helping the patient examine/challenge the thought and develop a more balanced interpretation.