Chapter 25
3 differences in the structure of DNA and RNA
Uracil vs Thymine
Single vs Double strand
Ribose vs Deoxyribose
What happens in substitution, addition, and deletion mutations
Substistition - changes a base, but same number of bases
Deletion - deletes a base pair, one less base
Addition - adds a base pair, one more base
Starting and ending products for transcription
DNA (nucleotides) ---> RNA (nucleotides)
Programmed cell death is called
Apoptosis
If the diploid number for a cell is 14, what is the haploid number?
7
The anticodon is found
on tRNA
How many bases code for an amino acid, what is a collection of this number of bases called?
3, codon
Starting and ending molecules for translation
End product of Mitosis (haploid/diploid)
Diploid Cells
End product of meiosis (haploid/diploid)
Haploid cells
One new and one old strand in each helix
3 enzymes you have to know for DNA replication
DNA polyermase
DNA Ligase
Exon vs intron
Exons --> expressed
intron --> removed during processing of mRNA
Diploid vs Haploid
Diploid (2n) number when there is a pair of chromosomes
Haploid (n) half of the diploid number, only one copy of each chromosome
What stage of the cell cycle are chromosomes replicated in?
Interphase
What is the lagging strand in DNA replication?
The strand that polymerase has to do one chunk at a time and cannot do continuously.
How are the strands of DNA facing relative to each other?
Opposite, one is 3 to 5, other is 5 to 3
What do the A,P, and E sites stand for in the ribosome?
Amino acid --> site where amino acids arrive
Peptide --> site where peptide bonded strand is held before being passed to tRNA in A site
Exit--> the site where the empty tRNA leaves the ribosome
Sequence of the cell cycle
S - G2 - M - G1
Sequence of mitosis stages
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Steps of DNA replication
Helicase unzips DNA, Polyermase creates new strands by complementary base pairing, Ligase fixes breaks in phosphate sugar backbone
Types of RNA and function of each
messenger - carries information
transfer - transports amino acids to ribosome
ribosomal- makes up Ribosome
Steps of translation (3 steps), and specifically what happens during each step.
Initiation --> small ribosomal subunit joins w/ mRNA and first tRNA goes to P site after large subunit joins
Elongation --> APE site order, tRNA enter in a,the strand is held in P, tRNA leave from E.
Termination --> Stop codon will cause release factor to bind to mRNA, this breaks the bond between the final tRNA and the amino acid strand, the ribosomal subunits dissociate
What happens in each stage of mitosis?
I ain't typing all that
What are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle (in order) and what does each one check for?
G2 - Checks if DNA has replicated properly
M - Spindle assembly checkpoint, makes sures chromsomes are aligned proplery
G1 - DNA damage checkpoint, cell commits to divie if it passes this checkpoint