Mendelian Genetics
A phenotype is the physical expression of the genotype when what is considered?
The Environment
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase attaches an amino acid to the ___' end on the tRNA.
3' End
High Glucose = ???
Low cAMP
Mendelian Genetics:
At the __________ level, everything is expressed equally.
Molecular
Exam 3:
What process metabolizes fatty acids?
Beta Oxidation = cleaves off 2 carbons at a time and turn it into acetyl CoA and create NADH2 and NADH
All of the traits that Mendel studied expressed what type of dominance?
Complete Dominance
What 3 things are needed for translation?
2. tRNA
3. Ribosome
The lac operon generally uses what type of transcriptional regulation?
Negative Transcriptional Regulation
Mendelian Genetics:
________________: a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at the second locus
Epistasis
List 4 characteristics/things to know about water.
1. Polar
2. Good solvent
3. pH = 7
4. Cohesion = water sticks to other water molecules
5. Adhesion = water sticks to other things
6. Hydrogen Bonding = weak instantaneous attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative other atom (FON)
7. Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic
8. Universal Solvent
9. High Specific Heat = the amount of energy necessary to raise 1g of a substance by 1C
10. Capillary Action = the movement of water through very small spaces without any energy due to cohesion/adhesion
11. Most dense at 4C
What are Mendel's 2 laws?
Principle of Segregation = individuals inherit 2 alleles for each trait and alleles segregate during meiosis of that each gamete receives 1 allele
Principle of Independent Assortment = during meiosis, the alleles of 1 trait segregate randomly and independently from the alleles of another trait
During the termination of translation, what signals for the ribosome to stop and break down?
When the lac operon is turned on, what can be used as an energy source?
Lactose (Disaccharide)
The Central Dogma:
Eukaryotes have _________________ mRNA & prokaryotes have _____________ mRNA
Eukaryotes = Monocistronic mRNA
Prokaryotes = Polycistronic mRNA
Exam 3:
What are the 3 mechanisms that increase genetic diversity?
1. Crossing Over = homologous pairs swap a random amount of DNA with each other during prophase I
2. Law of Independent Assortment = tetrads line up RANDOMLY on the metaphase plate during metaphase I
3. Random Fertilization
Explain why traits, such as red hair and freckles, can be linked?
They are geographically close together on the same chromosome
List any 3 things that occur during RNA processing.
1. Removal of introns
2. Combining of exons
3. Addition of a 5' cap
4. Addition of a polyA tail to the 3' end
5. Alternative Splicing
During positive transcriptional regulation, RNA Pol can bind to the promoter only if ________________ binds to a site near the _____________.
Only if the ACTIVATOR PROTEIN binds to a site near the PROMOTER
The Central Dogma:
During the initiation phase of translation, the _______________ factors recruit the ______________ subunit and ___________ and then scan the mRNA for an AUG codon.
INITIATION factors recruit the SMALL subunit and tRNAmet
Exam 1:
List the 4 macromolecules and their functions.
Carbohydrates = structure & energy storage
Proteins = pretty much everything except for carrying genetic information
Nucleic Acids = storage of genetic information
Lipids = fats/triglycerides (insulation & energy storage), phospholipids (main ingredient in most membranes), & steroids (cell communication & signaling)
What are the 4 steps in the life cycle of a pea plant?
1. Self Pollination
2. Fertilization
3. Germination
4. Development
What 4 proteins/enzymes are involved in transcription?
1. RNA Polymerase Complex (Pol II)
2. General Transcription Factors
3. Transcriptional Activator Proteins
4. Mediator Complex
_____ = code for the primary structure of proteins
_____ = repressor binding site
_____ = structural gene for the repressor protein
LacZ & LacY = code for the primary structure of proteins
LacO = repressor binding site
LacI = structural gene for the repressor protein
Mendelian Genetics:
CR = red plants & CW = white plants
One of the parents is a pink. What would the second parent be if the phenotypic ratio for the children was 1:1 for white and pink plants. Use a test cross to show your work!
CWCW or White
Exam 2:
List the 3 steps in the calvin cycle AND list the 4 steps in cellular respiration.
Calvin Cycle = carboxylation (CO2 & RuBP --> 2 3-PGA), reduction (3-PGA --> triose phosphates), & regeneration (triose phosphates --> RuBP)
Cellular Respiration = glycolysis (glucose --> 2 pyruvate), pyruvate oxidation (pyruvate --> acetyl CoA), citric acid cycle/krebs cycle (acetyl coA --> electron carriers), & oxidative phosphorylation (electron carriers --> ATP)