Cancer & Oncogenes
Benign tumors cannot do this, but malignant tumors can.
What is invade surrounding tissues?
Cyclins are abruptly destroyed in the cell cycle by this enzyme complex.
What is APC/C? anaphase-promoting complex
These cytoskeletal filaments are the toughest and most durable, protecting cells from mechanical stress.
What are intermediate filaments?
Hormones traveling through the bloodstream are part of this signaling category.
What is endocrine signaling?
This form of programmed cell death involves cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and blebbing.
What is apoptosis?
This term describes cancer cells’ ability to grow and divide without normal external restraints.
What is proliferating independent of normal constraints?
These two proteins enforce G1 arrest when DNA damage occurs.
What are p53 and p21?
Microtubule dynamic instability is driven by hydrolysis of this nucleotide.
What is GTP?
Ion-channel-coupled receptors convert a chemical signal into this type of signal. What is this signal important for?
What is an electrical signal? What is the function of nerve cells?
These proteins make holes in the mitochondrial membrane to release cytochrome C.
What are Bax and Bak?
Name the three ways a proto-oncogene can become an oncogene.
What are mutation in coding sequence, gene amplification, and chromosome rearrangement?
This protein prevents activation of S-phase genes by binding transcription regulators until mitogens inhibit it.
What is Rb? Retinoblastoma protein
Actin filaments grow at both ends, and this process describes actin monomers flowing through the filament.
What is treadmilling?
These are the three types secondary messengers activated by G-proteins.
What is cyclic AMP, IP3/DAG/Ca2+
This anti-apoptotic protein prevents Bax and Bak from being activated.
What is Bcl-2?
Loss of this tumor-suppressor gene is the first step toward colorectal cancer.
What is APC? Adenomatous Polyposis coli is a tumor suppressor gene that helps control cell growth and prevent cancer
Name one event that must occur for a cyclin–Cdk complex to become fully active.
What is removal of inhibitory phosphates (dephosphorylation)?
List the three steps of cell crawling.
What are: (1) protrusion, (2) adhesion, (3) contraction/dragging?
This small GTP-binding protein is activated by Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and triggers the MAP kinase cascade.
What is Ras?
These proteases are activated in cascades to execute apoptosis.
What are caspases?
This phenomenon describes cancer cells consuming glucose at extremely high rates even with oxygen present.
What is the Warburg effect?
During S-phase, phosphorylation of Cdc6 triggers its degradation, preventing this dangerous outcome
What is re-replication of DNA origins?
During muscle contraction, calcium binds to this complex, shifting tropomyosin to expose myosin-binding sites. What kind of myosin is used here?
What is troponin? What is Myosin-II
Steroid hormones use these receptors, which are located in the cytosol or nucleus.
What are intracellular (nuclear) receptors?
Survival factors prevent apoptosis by blocking this step in the intrinsic pathway.
What is procaspase activation?