Early Biological Theories
Physical manifestations of the atavism of an individual that indicate the features of a prior evolutionary stage of development are called ______.
stigmata
What does the term "genotype" refer to?
The sum of the genes inherited from parents
____________ is considered the father of modern psychotherapy.
Sigmund Freud
General strain theory has three categories of strain: presentation of noxious stimuli, removal of positively valued stimuli, and ______.
Failure to achieve goals
The belief that the size of the brain or skull represents the superiority or inferiority of certain individuals or ethnic/racial groups is called ______.
craniometry
What is meant by "shared environment"?
The environment experienced by children reared in the same family
What was one implication of Dugdale's work?
Sterilization of feebleminded people
Samantha, disillusioned with societal expectations of career success and material gain, quits her job and begins living in an isolated cabin, using drugs regularly and avoiding social contact. Which adaptation best fits her behavior?
Retreatism
The manifestation of more than ______ stigmata indicates that an individual is atavistic and thus a born criminal.
5
How does the prevalence of brain injuries among incarcerated individuals compare to the general population?
It is approximately five to six times greater.
Individuals with high psychoticism are characterized as being ______.
Aggressive
Who is credited with being the most influential theorist in modern structural perspectives of criminality?
Émile Durkheim
Who believed IQ was static and could not be changed.
H.H. Goddard
What is the effect of low MAOA activity in the brain?
Heightened aggression and low self-control
What distinguishes the IQ profiles of delinquents from those of the general population?
Delinquents typically have lower verbal IQ and normal performance IQ.
Durkheim called primitive societies with a simple distribution of labor and high level of agreement about social norms and rules ______ societies.
Mechanical
Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is the ______ lobe.
left frontal
What effect does damage to the frontal lobes typically have on behavior?
Greater inclination to act on emotional urges without logical inhibition
What is a defining characteristic of psychopathy?
The inability to tie social emotions with cognition.
Similarities in daily routine and constant interaction with like members of society lead to a strong uniformity in values that Durkheim called ______.
Collective conscience