Chapter 1
This is the study of life and living organisms.
What is biology?
An atom has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic number is this.
What is 6?
This functional group contains both a carbonyl and hydroxyl group and can donate H⁺.
What is the carboxyl group?
A cell that suddenly requires much more ATP would likely increase its capacity for cellular respiration by having more of these organelles.
What are mitochondria?
Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species. These are the levels scientists use to classify organisms.
What is the taxonomic levels?
Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus, making them members of this group.
What are prokaryotes?
The attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and an electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen in another molecule is this type of interaction.
What is a hydrogen bond?
These are the monomers that are joined together to build many carbohydrate polymers.
What are monosaccharides?
These openings in the nuclear envelope regulate movement of proteins, RNA, and other molecules into and out of the nucleus.
What are nuclear pores?
Unlike a traditional light microscope, this microscope can use fluorescent labeling to produce detailed optical sections through a specimen.
What is a confocal microscope?
Unlike a scientific theory, this type of scientific statement describes a consistent pattern or relationship observed in nature.
What is a scientific law?
An unstable atomic nucleus releases particles or energy in order to become more stable. This process is called this.
What is radioactive decay?
A protein's amino acid sequence determines its first level of organization, called this.
What is primary structure?
A tissue lining the intestine needs to prevent substances in the digestive tract from leaking between cells. This junction would be especially important.
What is a tight junction?
A cell joins two monosaccharides by removing water. What type of reaction forms the new covalent bond?
What is dehydration synthesis?
A researcher gets a p-value of 0.03. Using the common significance cutoff of 0.05, the researcher would generally consider the result this.
What is statistically significant?
This element makes up roughly 65% of the human body's mass and is essential for water and organic molecules.
What is oxygen?
Amolecule contains four fused carbon rings and lacks the long fatty-acid tails characteristic of phospholipids. It is most likely a member of this lipid class.
What is a steroid?
These structures are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and are responsible for protein synthesis.
What are ribosomes?
These organelles contain enzymes involved in oxidation reactions and can break down fatty acids while producing hydrogen peroxide.
What are peroxisomes?
A graph shows that ice cream sales and the number of sunburn cases both increase during summer. A student concludes that eating ice cream causes sunburns. What mistake did the student make?
What is confusing correlation with causation?
Two isotopes of the same element have different masses but nearly identical chemical behavior. What explains their similar chemical properties?
What is that they have the same number and number of valence electrons?
Amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen are all made from glucose, yet they have different structures and functions. What does this demonstrate about biological macromolecules?
What is structure influences function?
A protein contains a signal that directs it into the secretory pathway. Trace its route from synthesis to secretion: ribosome → ___ → ___ → secretory vesicle → plasma membrane.
What are rough ER → Golgi apparatus?
DNA information is transcribed into RNA, which can then be translated into protein. This information flow is summarized by this principle.
What is the Central Dogma of Biology?