Source Memory
Eyewitness Testimony
Memory & Aging 1
Memory & Aging 2
Misc.
100
How can source memory be tested?
Present a study list in which the context of the stimuli changes. (Read v. heard, font change, color of the words)
100
What is the basic procedure used in all of Loftus’s experiments?
Participants are shown a scene. Then they are asked questions about the scene with misleading information. Then they are tested on the scene to see if they remember the original scene differently because of the misleading information.
100
Longitudinal & cross-sectional
What are the two types of designs used to study the effect of aging in the laboratory?
100
Cue-words Diaries Interviews
What are methods of study for autobiographical memory?
100
Method of studying development or aging whereby the same participants are successively tested at different ages
What is Longitudinal design?
200
What is the source test experiment?
Younger and older adults are read a list of words by two different speakers (sources). They are then given two tests: a word test and a source test.
200
What is the summery of the results of Loftus’s experiments?
People are surprisingly susceptible to misleading information. Even when person’s memories are wrong the person is highly confident in the accuracy of their memories. These errors are probably due to source misattribution.
200
The Prospective Age Experiment?
What used retrospective memory(remembering the past) & prospective memory(remembering to do in the future) where younger & older adults performed two tasks simultaneously?
200
It predicts that encoding is better during periods of rapid change.
What is the Cognitive Hypothesis?
200
Method of studying development or aging whereby participants are sampled from different age bands and tested only once
What is cross-sectional design?
300
What is the good versus evil experiment?
Younger and older adults hear statements read to them by two different speakers. They are told that Mary always speaks the truth and that John always lies. They are then given a test in which they are asked if the recognize the statements given to them and to recognize the source. This was asked in one of two ways: was it John or Mary who said it or is the statement true or false?
300
What is the DRM experiment and what were the results?
Participants were given a list of words related to a critical lure that was never presented in the list. They were then given a recall or recognition task on the word list. Results show that participants recalled the critical lure 40% of the time and recognized the critical lure 90% of the time. Participants were highly confident in their answers.
300
Implicit (complete fragment with any word) Explicit (complete fragment with a word from the study list)
What were the test phases given in the Implicit Age Experiment?
300
Willander & Larsson's on cue types eliciting a similar reminiscence bump, words, pictures, & smells. Although there were differences in bumps for certain groups of people (eg immigrants) & certain memories (odors)
What is the experiment that provided cues presented in different ways and what did the results show?
300
Alzheimer's disease
Memory loss that affects job skills, difficulty performing familiar task, and disorientation to time and place (getting lost) are some of the warning signs of what disease?
400
What are the results of the source test experiment?
There is no age difference for the word test but, younger adults are better at the source test.
400
What are the two experiments based on the DRM experiment and how do they differ from the DRM experiment?
The two experiments are the abstract shape experiment and the warning experiment. The abstract shape experiment is different because it distinguishes between young and old adults and half the participants are given shapes that are labeled. The Warning experiment differs from the DRM experiment because the participants are warned about the critical lure and half the participants are given the critical lure in their word list.
400
Episodic (unrelated pairings, eg. keyboard-sailor) Semantic (related pairings, eg. boat-sailor The results showed that memory performance of youth was extremely better for episodic pairs.
What are the two tasks given for the Semantic Age Experiment and what did the results show?
400
1/3 of young seniors mentioned WW2 0 centenarians mentioned WW2
What were the results from the first Reminiscence Bump Experiment (Fromholt et al.)
500
What are the results and interpretations of the good versus evil experiment?
Results: The younger adults are better than the older adults at the name recognition source tests and the older adults are better than the younger adults at the truth source test. Interpretation: older adults perform better if the information is relevant to them.
500
What is the Lost at the Mall experiment and what are its results?
Relatives of participants provide information about the participants between the ages of 4-6 and provide the experimenter with 3 true events. The participants then come up with a false event that is plausible (none of the events are too traumatic). Participants are given a booklet with four stories in it (3 true stories and one false story). They are then asked to provide their own recall of the event. Several weeks later the participants come back and are asked to recall the childhood events from the last test. Results: for the true events participants recalled the event 68% of the time. For the false event participants recalled the event 29% of the time.
500
Implicit memory tasks Prospective memory tasks Item recognition tests Semantic tasks
What are the five example of when memory performance is spared in older adults?
500
Physical development Cognitive Hypothesis (encoding better during periods of rapid change) Cultural life script hypothesis (culturally shared expectations structure recall) Life-narrative hypothesis (period of assuming one's life identidy)
What are the four causes of the Reminiscence Bump?
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