Chapter 6:
Development in Infancy
Development in Infancy
The nonverbal expression of emotion. Infants display a wide range of emotional expressions (interest, distress, and disgust are present at birth).
What is Nonverbal encoding?
The growth of symbolic thinking, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases approximately from ages 2 to 7.
Hint: The second stage of Piaget's Stages of Development
Preoperational Stage
A learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity
Attention-defict/hyperactivity disorder
The stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly
Formal Operational Stage
A reduction in risk-taking behavior to focus on the ability to support a family
What is Maturation Reformed?
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
Attachment
True or False: Fast mapping is the process by which one state is changed into another.
False; Fast mapping is the process in which new words are associated with their meaning after a brief encounter
The period of cognitive development between ages 7 and 12, characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic
Concrete Operational Stage
What's the difference between Undersocialized and Socialized Delinquents?
Undersocialized Delinquents: Adolescent delinquents who are raised with little discipline or with harsh, uncaring parental supervisions
Socialized Delinquents: Adolescent delinquents who know and subscribe to the norms of society and who are fairly normal psychologically
Name all of the 4 stages of Schaie's stages of Adult Development
Acquisitive Stage (Childhood and Adolescence)
Achieving Stage (Young Adulthood)
Responsible & Executive Stage
(Middle Adulthood)
Reintegrative Stage (Late Adulthood)
The intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events
What is social referencing?
The level at which a child can almost but not fully perform a task independently but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent
What is Zone of Proximal Development?
The desire to evaluate one’s own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of others
Social Comparison
The status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives is known as?
Double Points: The status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives is known as?
Identity Achievement: The status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives
Double Points - Identity Foreclosure: The status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives
What is the assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral?
Double Points: What is the assessment of whether one’s coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor
What is Primary Appraisal?
The assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral.
Double Points: Secondary Appraisal
The assessment of whether one’s coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor
A sequence of staged episodes that illustrates the strength of attachment between a child and their mother
What is the Ainsworth Strange Situation?
What's the difference between Centration and Conservation?
Centration - The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
Conservation: The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
According to Erikson, the period from ages 6 to 12 is characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world
Industry-versus-inferiority stage
What is the difference between Moratorium and Identity Diffusion
Moratorium: The status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree but have not yet committed themselves
Identity diffusion: The status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives but never commit to one or never even consider identity options
Name the three conseqences to stress presented during lecture
Stress can increase the risk of illness and damage the immune system.
It can lead to psychosomatic disorders, medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties.
It may reduce one’s ability to cope with future stress.
Define the difference between stranger and separation anxiety
Stranger Anxiety - The caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person
Separation Anxiety - The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
Children ages 2-4 spend an average of slightly more than 2.5 hours a day with screen media. What are some of the concerns as a result of too much screen time?
Produces inactivity
Unclear educational benefits
Children don’t yet possess the critical thinking skills to understand
People who follow rigid rules based on punishments or rewards
VS.
People who invoke universal moral principles that are considered broader than the rules of a particular society
What type of morality is this?
Preconventional
VS.
Postconventional
Adolescents’ ability to reason abstractly leads to a change in their everyday behavior. All of these examples are the consequences of Adolescents’ Use of Formal Operations except?
A. They may question parents and authority figures.
B. They may have greater idealism and impatience with imperfections.
C. They become more argumentative and sensitive to parents’ and teachers’ perceived shortcomings.
D. They can be indecisive.
Trick Question. All of the following examples are consequences of Adolescents’ Use of Formal Operations
Coping is the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. Name at least THREE of the FIVE different types of coping.
Problem Focused Coping
Emotion Focused Coping
Social Support Coping
Defensive Coping
Emotional Insulation