Theory
Erikson's stage from birth to 1 year.
Trust vs. Mistrust
A 2-year-old's height compared to their adult height.
About 50% of adult height
The best way for a nursing mother to increase her milk supply.
Breastfeed more often and for longer periods
By 4–5 months, an infant's weight has done this compared to birth weight.
Doubled
Double by 4–5 months, triple by 12 months, quadruple by 2½ years. Newborns lose 5–10% of birth weight in the first week.
The type of medicine that focuses on identifying and treating disease with drugs, surgery and procedures.
Allopathic medicine
Holistic care treats the whole person: emotional, spiritual, relational and physical. AHNA: holistic nursing "heals the whole person."
A 2-year-old yells "NO!" and insists on dressing himself. He is in this Erikson stage.
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Toddlers are giving up dependence on others and need to explore. Parents should offer a safe environment and simple choices. If unmet, the child doubts their own abilities.
The maximum amount of milk a toddler should drink per day.
16–24 oz (2–3 cups)
How much extra fluid a breastfeeding mother should drink each day.
About 1 extra quart (≈1 L)
A baby weighed 7 lb at birth. About how much should she weigh at her 1st birthday?
About 21 lb (triple birth weight)
A practitioner presses with the thumbs on mapped points of the feet and hands that correspond to body organs.
Reflexology
Deep pressure on the points releases tension and stimulates circulation of blood, lymph and energy.
Erikson's preschool stage (3–6 yrs), marked by vigorous activity and an active imagination.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Nurture the child's ideas, let them help. If unmet, the child feels guilty about trying new things.
The best way to start assessing a toddler in the office.
Let them explore the equipment (hold the stethoscope on their own chest)
Compare the stools of a breastfed infant and a bottle-fed infant.
Breastfed: softer, mild smell, more frequent. Bottle-fed: harder, smellier, less frequent.
Car seat recommendation for an infant.
Rear-facing, in the BACK seat (middle is best)
The key difference between acupuncture and acupressure.
Acupuncture uses fine needles. Acupressure uses hand pressure.
Both stimulate meridian points to correct imbalances in chi/qi. Acupuncture can also use electrostimulation, laser or moxibustion (burning herbs). Acupressure needs no oil and can be done fully clothed.
Kohlberg's three levels of moral development, in order.
Pre-conventional → Conventional → Post-conventional
Pre-conventional: avoid punishment, get rewards. Conventional: follow rules, seek approval, respect law and order. Post-conventional: personal principles of justice and human rights.
A toddler's daily sleep need, and how a parent should handle night terrors.
About 12 hrs/day with 1–2 naps. Speak soothingly and don't try to wake the child.
During night terrors the child is not fully awake. They're normal and become less frequent with age. Bedtime rituals give a sense of security.
The age whole milk can replace formula or breast milk, and why not sooner.
After 12 months (age 1)
Whole milk has too much protein and sodium for immature kidneys and can cause dehydration.
The most common infant accident, and when it becomes most common.
Falls, after 4 months (when babies start rolling)
Music therapy works on this brain system and has been shown to decrease this.
The limbic system; pain perception
Music is used to change behaviors, emotions and physiological processes. The limbic system handles emotions and feelings.
Kohlberg built his theory on this theorist's work, and it emphasizes an ethic of these two things.
Piaget; justice and human rights
Crossed eyes, or deviation in the line of vision, caused by extraocular muscle weakness.
Strabismus
Compare with amblyopia (lazy eye): the brain favors the normal eye. It's treated by patching the strong eye.
The food that is never given before age 1, and the illness it can cause.
Honey → infantile botulism
The purpose of a growth chart.
To plot length, weight and head circumference over time
The best way for a nurse to assess a patient's use of complementary or alternative practices.
Ask openly and without judgment: "How do you treat conditions at home?"
Include herbs, supplements, teas, oils and practices. Many CAM therapies interact with meds or lack strong evidence, so it matters. Use nursing presence: really listen.