amount of money that a federal government owes to lenders (money borrowed + interest)
What is national debt?
100
the act of entering and settling in a country or region to which one is not native
What is immigration?
100
the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another
What is the exchange rate?
100
government policy to make more or less money available for lending/borrowing (central bank or Fedral Reserve is responsible)
What is monetary policy?
100
phase in the life of a stock or financial market in which the value of shares falls consistently
What is a bear market?
200
a standard measuring prosperity and wealth
What is standard of living?
200
government (EPA) care of nature and natural resources
What is environmental protection?
200
contract or agreement between countries binding them under international law
What is a treaty?
200
policy of government spending and taxation to foster economic growth and keep unemployment and prices down
What is fiscal policy?
200
phase in the life of a stock or financial market in which the value of shares rises consistently
What is a bull market?
300
value of how much a person produces in a year
What is per capita GDP (gross domestic product)?
300
government laws, regulations, and agencies (e.g. FDA) that make sure products are healthy and safe
What is consumer protection?
300
tariff guarding domestic businesses from foreign competition
What is a protective tariff?
300
tax(ation) that takes a higher percentage of income as income decreases OR tax that takes a lower percentage of income as income increases
What is regressive tax(ation)?
300
a system or the power to limit or regulate land use
What is zoning?
400
economic indicator that measures prices of consumer goods and services
What is Consumer Price Index (CPI)?
400
the removal of government rules and regulation from businesses and the economy
What is deregulation?
400
international organization promoting "free and fair" trade
What is the World Trade Organization (WTO)?
400
tax(ation) that rises as income rises
What is progressive tax(ation)?
400
limited resources to fulfill unlimited needs and wants
What is scarcity?
500
predictable long-term pattern changes in the national economy (four stages include: expansion, prosperity, contraction, and recession)
What are business cycles?
500
disagreements between employees and employers
What are labor disputes?
500
international organization that funds economic projects and offers expertise to developing countries
What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?
500
tax(ation) on all at the same rate (also known as a flat tax)
What is proportional tax(ation)?
500
the study of the privileges and obligations of citizens AND the science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, or the material welfare of humankind