Helping and Altruism Pt. 1
A social norm suggesting that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks.
What is Social Responsibility Norm?
The tendency to think that others in an environment have information that they do not have, and to subsequently base judgments on that belief
What is Pluristic Ignorance?
What are the long-term consequences of anxious/ambivalent styles?
What are difficulty becoming close, worry that their partners don't love them, heightened rates of distress when relationships end?
The tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and empathetic manner.
Reciprocal Self-Disclosure
The strength of our liking or loving for
another person; can occur between
friends, family members, and other
people in general.
What is Interpersonal Attraction
A social norm reminding us that we should follow the principles of reciprocal altruism
What is Reciprocity Norm?
Psychological influences on Latané & Darley’s Model of Helping Behavior.
1. More likely to notice a situation with few people around, less distraction, more alertness.
2. Pluralistic Ignorance: assuming everyone else has the same level of knowledge and understands the situation and makes judgments based on that.
3. Diffusion of Responsibility
4. More likely to help if we know what we should be doing to help.
What are the long-term consequences of having a romantic attachment style of Avoidant
What are they have difficulty building intimacy, invest little emotion, and are unwilling/unable to share feelings with others?
Close relationships in which partners suspend their need for equity and exchange, giving support to the partner in order to meet his or her needs, and without consideration of the costs to themselves
What is Communal Relationships?
the more we interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
What is propinquity?
The negative emotions that we may experience
when we view another person’s suffering - decrease helping behaviors
What is Personal Distress?
What are the steps of Latané & Darley’s Model of Helping Behavior?
1. Notice the Event
2. Interpret the Event as an Emergency
3. Assume Responsibility
4. Know the Appropriate form of Assistance
Our social relationships are the result of an exchange process; we estimate the costs and benefits of our interactions with others and decide to continue or discontinue our behaviors.
What is Social Exchange Theory (Emerson 1976)?
Relationships in which each of the partners keeps track of his or her contributions to the partnership
What is Exchange Relationships?
The tendency to prefer stimuli (including, but not limited to, people that we have seen frequently)
What is Mere Exposure?
A Study that supported Social Exchange Theory as an explanation for helping others. A person who is in hurry is less likely to help others even if he is going to speak on Good Samaritan. The result seems to show that thinking of norms does not imply that one will act on them.
What is Darley and Batsman (1973)?
A “quick fix” to someone’s perceived need that may imply the person is not able to care for themselves, leads to negative affect (embarrassment, fear of being judged incompetent, harm to self-concept & self-esteem)
What is Dependency-Oriented Help?
MIT Housing Study on 260 married veterans in an MIT housing complex that supports proximity liking
What is Festinger et al (1950)?
A relationship characteristic wherein partners rely
to a great degree on each other to meet their
goals. Important for long term relationships
What is Interdependence?
Study that supports we are physiologically aroused, our liking becomes polarized
White et al. (1981)
What is the theory that explains why we help those to who we are related (it increases our chances of survival and reproductive success)?
What is Kin Selection, an Evolutionary Theory?
Partial, temporary help that empowers an individual to help themselves; Assumes the recipient is competent & allows the recipient to maintain independence, self-concept, & self-esteem
What is Autonomy-Oriented Help?
Studies on friend circles and female experimental actors reading lines that supports Propinquity
What is Shin et al (2019)?
The feelings and actions that keep partners
working together to maintain the relationship. Important for Long Term Relationships.
What is Committment?
A study that supported Mere Exposure Theory, the more often a teacher came into a classroom, there better the students liked them (without actually talking to them)
Moreland & Beach (1992)