Exam 1
What are the three structural carbohydrates?
Which structural carbohydrates compose ADF?
When would a plant have the least amount of structural carbohydrates?
If a plant is high in lignin, what happens to digestibility?
Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin
Cellulose and Lignin (The least digestible fiber portion of forage)
When they are young/small (still growing)
Decreases
T/F: Bloat is the build-up of gases produced from buffer production
T/F: Chewing cud stimulates saliva production, reduces surface area, and increases particle length
T/F: Hydrogen cause the pH of the rumen to drop
False
False
True
Where are most digestive enzymes produced and stored?
What are they stored as?
Why?
Pancreas
Zymogens
They are in their inactive form. (If active they would autodigest cells)
What are the 3 hormones involved in calcium regulation?
What are their roles?
Vitamin D3 and PTH - increase plasma Ca
Calcitonin- decrease plasma Ca
In Because of Winn-Dixie, what is Winn-Dixie?
The dog
Where is the initial site of protein digestion in a monogastric?
What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?
What are the three phases of digestion in order?
Stomach
HCl
Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal
What are the functions of saliva? (At least 2)
What are the buffers present in the ruminant's saliva? (At least 2)
Why is it important to produce buffers in the rumen?
Functions: Moisten feed, lubrication, starch and lipid digestion (monogastrics)
Functions: Provides water to the rumen, salivary lipase for lipid breakdown, contains urea for N recycling and bloat prevention
Bicarbonate, phosphate, sodium, potassium
Buffers provide a safe pH for rumen microbes to exist.
Duodenum recognizes _________ and secretes ______, which stimulates the pancreas to secrete protein-digesting enzymes in their _______ state.
What do trypsin inhibitors do? How do we combat this?
Do we need to worry about trypsin inhibitors in ruminants?
Proteins, CCK, inactive
Trypsin inhibitors will decrease the activity of protein-digesting enzymes, therefore decreasing protein digestion. We combat this by heating them to reduce the effects of inhibitors.
No (microbes)
Hydrolysis converts _______ --> _________
Biohydrogenation converts ________ --> __________
T/F: The lipid consumed by the ruminant matches the lipid absorbed by the ruminant.
Hydrolysis: Lipids (Triglycerides) --> Free fatty acids
Biohydrogenation: Unsaturated fatty acids --> Saturated fatty acids
False
What do Katniss and Peeta attempt to poison themselves with in The Hunger Games?
Berries called Nightlock
Where is bile produced and stored?
Bile is responsible for...
T/F: The esophagus is lined with mucus
Liver and Gallbladder
Emulsifying fats
False
What are the three VFAs?
VFAs are a source of ______ for the host.
High forage favors this VFA...
High concentrate...
Acetate, Buytrate, Propionate
Energy
Forages: Acetate
Concentrates: Propionate
What is gluten?
Why is consuming gluten, if you have celiac disease, a bad thing? How does it change the gut physiologically?
What is the disease called where you have an intolerance to dietary gluten?
A protein composite
When the villi regress (atrophy), it minimizes surface area. Therefore, all passing nutrients will not be absorbed in their correct locations. Passing to the large intestines, where rapid fermentation occurs.
Celiacs disease
What is isomerization, and when does it happen in relation to hydrolysis and hydrogenation?
Taking cis-oriented fatty acids and converting them into trans-oriented fatty acids. (Straightens them out)
What are the names of the twins played by Lindsay Lohan in the 1998 film The Parent Trap?
What is the goal of the plant?
What is the goal of the animal?
Why do we process feeds?
Goal of plant not to have nutrients extracted (Phytate, Trypsin inhibitors)
Goal of animal: Extract those nutrients to utilize
To increase surface area and digestibility
Propionate is the precursor for _________.
Glucose is the primary precursor for ________.
Explain what happens to someone who is lactose intolerant when they consume lactose.
Glucose
Lactose
In a normal person, lactose would be broken down into galactose and glucose by the brush border enzyme known as lactase. The monosaccharides, glucose, and galactose, would then be absorbed via monosaccharide absorption, pulling water with it into the lymph/blood because water follows sodium. In someone who has a lactase deficiency (lactose intolerance), the original disaccharide lactose would never be broken down into galactose and glucose because there is no lactase present to complete the cleavage. Therefore, the disaccharide lactose will remain in tack and travel further, causing an increase in CO2 and SCFA production (rapid fermentation). The pH of your intestine will become acidic, water will be pulled into the lumen, and you will experience diarrhea.
Absorption of free amino acids is ____ gradient-driven, and absorption of small peptides is ____ gradient-driven.
Small peptides are hydrolyzed to amino acids inside the enterocyte by _______ ________.
The protein-coated lipid droplets are called ____________.
Na, H
Cytolsolic peptidases
chylomicron
Differences between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble- Stored in the body, toxicities are easy to happen. ADEK
Water-soluble- Not stored, toxicities rare to occur. BC
What color did Frenchy color her hair in Grease?
T/F: The majority of a monogastric esophagus is smooth muscle
Tell me why this is true or false.
False
Remember, dogs throw up and need striated muscles to make that happen. They move contents from inside their stomach to vomiting.
As passage rate increases, digestion _________.
Microbes need ______ and _____ to make more of themselves.
Passage rate is dependent upon _______ _____ and _________.
The purpose of ruminating is to _______ surface area and decrease _______ ____.
decreases
ATP and nitrogen source
particle size and density
increase : particle size
The two routes through which nitrogen is recycled back to the rumen are: ______ and ______ _____
Microbial protein synthesis requires the synchronization of _________ and _________
Why does the liver convert ammonia to urea?
Saliva and rumen wall
Carbohydrates and Proteins
Ammonia is extremely toxic. Urea is only slightly toxic at high levels, so it's the lesser of two evils. Remember, this is happening in ruminants.
What is the only vitamin that animals can synthesize themselves?
What is it made from in the body?
The vitamin from the first question acts more like a ______ than a vitamin.
Vitamin D
Cholesterol
Hormone
What score does Elle get on her LSAT exam in Legally Blonde?
179