Africa & Mongols
Where were the Swahili city-states located?
On the East Coast of Africa
What was the impact the Mongols had on Silk Road trade?
Silk Rd Trade flourished because the Mongols promoted trade, protected
merchants, and taxed all goods
What is the lowest form of peasant in feudal society? ___________________________
Serfs – farming peasants that were tied to land
What type of relationship did Kings and Popes have with each other during the Middle Ages?
Popes could influence/crown Kings
What similarities and differences are there between Maya and Greek civilization
Mayans & Greeks
• Both were decentralized city-states in mountainous terrain in which cities traded and
fought with each other
• Differences: Mayan C.S. were all monarchies, while Greek C.S. had other govts and no
monarchies
• Greeks relied on the sea for trade and so were a maritime culture, and farmed little
• Mayans did not rely on the sea for trade, instead they practice intensive agriculture
(terraced farming)
Why did many diasporas form along the east coast of Africa?
Diasporas (dispersed groups) – fled to Eastern Africa during any kind of Invasion in other
parts
What major technological developments originated in the Tang and Song Dynasties?
Tech: Gunpowder, Paper & Wood-block printing, Magnetic Compass, Porcelain
How did European Feudalism function? What was exchanged?
Feudalism is a relationship between a superior and inferior all in the upper-class
• Land is exchanged for military service and loyalty
What were the effects and long-term impacts of the Columbian Exchange?
Effects/Impacts
• Atlantic Slave Trade
• Domesticated animals arrived to Americas
• Culture (language & religion) of Europeans became dominant in the Americas
• Technology of Europeans arrives to Americas
• Crops of the Americas are spread to the rest of the world
• European Empires controlled the Americas for next two or three centuries
What similarities and differences are there between the Inca and Persian Empires?
Inca & Persian Empires
• Both centralized govt with monarchies
• Both divided in Provinces, and built ROADS
• Both had no slavery
• Differences: No large domesticated animals in Americas
o Inca used a system of labor called Mita (temporary forced labor)
o Inca more reliant on agriculture
o Geo: Inca Empire on Mountains and Persian empire is mostly flat terrain
. What was the impact of Mansa Musa’s Hajj?
Increases the exposure of W. Africa to the rest of the world
• Influx of gold led to deflation
In what dynasty did work on the Grand Canal start? ___________________________
Sui D.
What additional causes were there for the Crusades?
Byzantine E. asked for help from invading Turks
• Pope wanted to increased his power over Kings
• Religious motivation in W. Europe was at an all-time high
. What was the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of food, crops, animals, people, culture & technology between
Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
What similarities and differences are there between the Swahili City-States and the Ancient
Greeks?
Swahili City-States (on E. African Coast) & Ancient Greece
• Both were city-states (independent from each other) that didn’t rely on farming, and
instead relied mostly on maritime (sea) trade
• Ancient Greece – Mediterranean Trade during Classical Era
• Swahili City-States – Indian Ocean Trade during Post-Classical Era
What import was most valued in West Africa in the 1300s? ___________________________
Salt was brought in (imported)
. What were the effects of the Grand Canal?
Grand Canal connected Northern China to Southern China
What were the effects of the Crusades?
Decreased power of the Pope
• Byzantine E. left weak and would eventually be conquered
• Increased trade across Med. Sea
o Re-introduced W. Europeans to goods and spices from Asia
o Led to the Age of Exploration
• Long-lasting tensions between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East
By how much did the native population decline in the 1500-1600s and why?
Over 90% of native pop. Died of diseases brought by Europeans. MILLIONS
What similarities and differences are there between the Gupta and Tang Dynasties?
Both Golden Ages for Innovation, Math, Science
• China more connected through trade to the outside world
• When the Gupta Empire ends, India becomes more fragmented
• Both monarchies with centralized govt.
o China’s govt more efficient
What export was most valued in West Africa in the 1300s? ___________________________
Gold was sent out (exported)
What caused a decline in women’s rights during the Song Dynasty?
A resurgence of Confucianism, called Neo-Confucianism, which reinforced
PATRIARCHY
What conditions allowed the Black Death to spread so quickly in Western Europe?
Increased trade and interaction with Asia because of Crusades and Mongols
• Unsanitary conditions in towns across Europe
Who were Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro and what effect did they have on the native
populations in the Americas?
They were Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) who conquered Aztec & Inca
Empires
• Led to Spanish creating their empire in the Americas
• Led to massive death of native populations of the Americas
In what human eras do most societies see social inequality, class divisions, and unequal wealth
distribution?
Every era EXCEPT for the Paleolithic Era
• Classical Era & Post-Classical had social inequality, etc.
The Swahili language is a mix of primarily what 2 languages? ________________________ and
______________________
Arabic and Bantu
What happened to Western Europe politically and culturally after the fall of Rome?
W. Europe became politically fragmented into numerous smaller kingdoms
What were the effects of the Black Death on economics and trade?
One third of Europe’s pop died.
• Increased wages for laborers in towns
• Decreased power of feudal nobility
• Trade across the Med. Would continue
. What was Christopher Columbus’ original goal on his initial voyage?
To reach India & SE Asia to access Spices by sailing across the Atlantic and find
a new route
What similarities do the Mongol Empire and Bantu cultures share?
Mongol Empire & Bantu cultures
• Involved the movement of people
• W/ movement, Tech & language were spread to new regions
What were the policies Genghis Khan enacted that made him a popular leader?
Made other pastoral groups part of his tribes… ALL one tribe
• Allows his soldiers to take goods from conquest
What were the effects of a decentralized government after the fall of Rome in Western Europe?
What organizations stepped in and in what ways?
There no unifying force in W. Europe EXCEPT for religion – Christianity. The
Catholic Church, led by the pope, will become very influential in W. Europe.
What were the social effects of the Black Death in Europe?
Increased attention to Religion
• Feudal society started to decline
Who were the four major European sea-based explorers and what routes did they take?
4 Explorers
• Dias – 1st to sail around the S. tip of Africa
• De Gama – 1st to sail around Africa and reach India
• Magellan – 1st to sail around the world
• Columbus – 1st to arrive to the Americas
What similarities and differences are there between the Persian and Mongol Empires?
Persia & Mongol Empire
• Both Religious Toleration, Multi-ethnic, encouraged trade
• Differences – Persia more organized govt and relied on provinces
• Khanates similar to Satrapies, but Khanates were more independent.
Who was Kublai Khan and why was he important?
Grandson of Genghis Khan and he conquered CHINA
. What was the role of the Church in Western Europe?
Only unifying force in W. Europe
• Bc most people in W. Europe were Christian
• Pope could control/influence Kings
• Monks preserved learning by copying Roman texts and studying Latin
What were the causes for the fall of Feudalism in Europe?
The arrival of Gunpowder & new inventions like long-bow made knights useless
What factors led to the Age of Exploration?
Crusades
• Created a demand for goods and spices from India, SE Asia, & China
• Desire by Europeans to cut out the middlemen and make more profits
• Marco Polo’s stories sparked curiosity about East Asia
• Fall of Byzantine Empire
What similarities and differences are there between the Persian and Islamic Empires
Both were empires that controlled Mesopotamia, E. Med., & Persia
• Both were monarchies with centralized ruled
• Both had some degree of religious toleration & were multiethnic
• Differences: Persia had more religious toleration and was more organized into provinces
(satrapies)
• Islamic Empire more of a Golden Age for Science, Math, Art
What was the impact the Mongols had on China during the Yuan Dynasty
New Capital: Beijing
• Suspend the civil service exam
What was the stated goal of the Crusades?
To conquer Jerusalem by W. Europeans in the name of Christianity
How did Europeans view the Black Death?
No real understanding of the disease
• They saw it as punishment from God
What major differences are there between Aztec and Inca culture?
Aztec & Inca (differences)
• Aztec did not have elaborate bureaucracy (govt) and Inca did
• Inca divided their empire into provinces and connected the empire with roads;
Aztec did not
• Inca had record-keeping govt workers who used the quipu
• Inca Empire was along the Andes mountains while Aztec Empire was all mostly
in and around the valley of Mexico.
What specific civilizations provided extensive contributions to the sciences and the arts?
Golden ages for Science & Art
• Ancient Athens, Gupta Empire, Abbasid Caliphate (Islamic Empire), Han D. & Tang D.
China, Hellenistic Era Kingdoms
What was the long-term impact of the Mongols?
Movement of people, technology, ideas, & diseases
What is Manorialism (or the Manor System) and how did this system work?
Peasant/ Serfs farm the land on the Manor (plantation) in exchange for protection
by the Lord who controls the Manor
How could Christian women escape a life of male servitude?
Women could escape PATRIARCHY by becoming nuns and joining a convent
(monastery) where they would be isolated from men.
What similarities do Aztecs and Incas share?
Aztec & Inca (similarities)
• Both were Empires in the Americas w/ monarchies
• Both created their empires out of Conquest
• Both ruled people around them that were of different cultures
• Both had extensive trade networks
What civilizations had rulers who, in some form, claimed divine authority?
Claim divine authority
• Theocracies: Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Mayan City-States, Inca Empire, Islamic
Empire
• Others: China (Mandate of Heaven)