Biomechanics
What is Newton's 3rd Law? Give an example of this in a sport or athletic movement.
Action and Reaction. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Which action at the knee is strongest and why?
What is the true name for tennis elbow?
Lateral epicondylitis, overuse injury to the extensor tendons
In what plane would you best be able to see genu recurvatum?
What is the sagittal plane?
Name the phases of the swing phase of gait.
Acceleration, midswing, deceleration
Which class of lever is the most common in the human body?
Thrid class lever
With a straight leg, which is stronger at the hip, external or internal rotation?
External rotators are stronger than internal rotators (UNLESS the hip is flexed then the internal rotators are slightly stronger.)
A server at a pizza resturant is holding a pizza, with one hand, above their head to avoid running into customers, what position is their wrist in (the one that is holding the pizzza)
What is hyperextension
Does someone who is hunchback have a hyper kyphotic thoracic spine or a hyperlordosis of the thoracic spine?
Hyper kyphotic thoracic spine
Name the phases of the stance phase of gait in order.
Heel strike, foot flat, mid stance, Heel off, toe off
What is the optimal length-tension relationship? Provide one example in sport/exercise.
The optimal length-tension relationship is when there is optimal overlap between the actin and myosin heads.
What is osgood-schlatter's disease and in what population is it most common in?
Traction pull on the tibial tuberosity from the patellar tendon. Common in young jumping athletes.
From a neutral wrist, you increase the angle between your ulna thumb, what is the movement called?
What is radial deviation?
Which task puts more pressure on your discs? Deadlift or poor posture whilst seated?
Deadlift because you are increasing the surface area that gavity can work on when bent over.
Would an elderly man, elderly woman, 25 yo man, or 25yo woman have the longest step length, and why?
25yo man because they are likely taller and can take longer steps than female counterparts and elderly folk.
To increase the velocity of a tennis serve, a straight arm drive can be more powerful than a bent elbow drive. Why is this?
With a straight arm, the lever is longer.
Which muscles at the knee are key in the deceleration phase of kicking?
Knee flexors: popliteus & hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
What is the most commonly injured rotator cuff muscle and why?
What is the supraspinatus? The only superior stabilizer.
What are two disadvantages to fine wire EMG?
Painful, cannot be used to measure muscle activity during dynamic tasks.
What is the critical event of midstance?
Controlled tibial advancement.
Describe the impact a length of a lever has on the torque that is able to be produced.
longer levers produce a greater amount of torque.
Which muscles belong to the Anterior compartment?
The extensor digitorum longus, anterior tibialis, extensor hallucis longus
What are 2 reasons why baseball pitchers get tommy johns surgery from a ruptured UCL?
Decelerators are not strong enough to dissipate force. Increase in valgus torque. The amount of force going through the elbow increases with different pitches.
What 3 muscels belong to the posterior compartment of the shank.
What is the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris
During which phase of gait is there basically no muscle activity at the hip knee and ankle? Describe the critical event of this phase.
What is toe-off (aka pre-swing) the critical event is passive knee flexion to 40 degrees.