Unit 5:
The Constitution
The Constitution
What amendment of the Bill of Rights guarantees freedom of religion, the press, and assembly?
The First Amendment
Who supported a strong federal government? Was he a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist?
Alexander Hamilton, he was a Federalist.
Why did westward expansion increase conflict between the North and the South?
Because the North and South argued about whether slavery would expand into new western territories.
What reform movement caused the most conflict in the U.S?
The abolition movement.
How did the Westward expansion start?
It started when the U.S. bought the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803.
What part of the Compromise of 1850 impacted the North negatively?
The Fugitive Slave Act.
What did the 13th Amendment do? Was it passed during the presidential or congressional reconstruction?
It abolished (ended) slavery in the United States.
Presidential Reconstruction.
Why was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?
It was added to protect people’s individual rights from the government.
Who supported the creation of the National Bank? What was George Washington’s decision?
Alexander Hamilton. Washington supported Hamilton and approved the National Bank.
How did the two regions, North and South, benefit from enslaved labor during the Industrial Revolution?
North:
The North benefited because factories used Southern cotton to make textiles.
South:
The South benefited because enslaved people grew cotton, which made plantation owners rich.
What was the major right women were fighting for in the women’s rights movement?
For the right to vote.
What is Manifest Destiny?
Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. was meant to expand to the West.
What was 2 forms of non-violent resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act?
The Underground Railroad and the book Uncle Tom's Cabin.
What did the 14th Amendment do? Was it passed during the presidential or congressional reconstruction?
It gave citizenship to people born in the U.S. and promised equal protection under the law.
Congressional Reconstruction.
What group supported the Bill of Rights, the Federalists or Anti-Federalists?
The Anti-Federalists supported adding the Bill of Rights because they believed the national government would be too powerful.
What groups were targeted by the Alien and Sedition Acts? What right did it violate?
Immigrants and people who criticized the government (Democratic-Republicans).
It violated freedom of speech and freedom of the press. (1st Amendment)
What law caused the Trail of Tears? What did the Cherokee do to resist this law?
The Indian Removal Act.
They went to the Supreme Court to fight removal. (Worcester v. Georgia)
What problem was Dorothea Dix trying to solve in the 1800s? Explain what the problem was.
Dorothea Dix wanted to improve prison conditions. In the 1800s, prisons were often overcrowded, dirty, cold, and unsafe. Prisoners could be chained, beaten, and treated cruelly, and many people with mental illness were put in prisons instead of hospitals.
What states did the U.S get as a result of the Mexican-American War?
The U.S. gained land that became California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico.
What were two events that John Brown participated in? What was he trying to achieve?
Bleeding Kansas and Harpers Ferry. He wanted to end slavery and start a rebellion against enslavers.
What did the 15th Amendment do? Was it passed during the presidential or congressional reconstruction?
It said voting rights could not be denied because of race, color, or previous condition of slavery.
Congressional Reconstruction.
Why was the Constitution created? What did it do?
The Constitution was created to establish a stronger federal government and divide it into 3 branches.
What was the effect of the Louisiana Purchase?
It doubled the size of the United States and encouraged westward expansion.
What was the consequence of the Industrial Revolution on enslaved families? Explain why this was the consequence.
Enslaved families were separated more often. This happened because cotton became more profitable, so enslaved people were sold to new plantations in the Deep South.
What was an accomplishment of the prison reform movement?
An accomplishment of the prison reform movement was that prisons became more humane. Reformers pushed for cleaner prisons, less cruel punishment, and the idea that prisons should help people reform instead of only punishing them.
What were the conditions in Indigenous Boarding Schools?
Children were taken from their families, forced to speak English, forced to cut their hair, and punished for practicing their culture.
What politician believed in Popular sovereignty, and what politician believed slavery should be limited by the federal government?
Stephen Douglas believed in popular sovereignty. Abraham Lincoln believed slavery should be limited by the federal government.
What is the Loophole in the 13th amendment? Give one example of how this was used to oppress black Americans.
The loophole allowed slavery as punishment for a crime. Southern states used Black Codes to arrest Black Americans and force them into prison labor.
What was the problem with the Articles of Confederation?
The federal government was too weak. It could not tax, enforce laws, or control trade.
What was the cause of the War of 1812?
Britain was interfering with American trade and forcing American sailors into the British navy.
What did Andrew Jackson do to the National Bank?
He destroyed the National Bank by vetoing its renewal and removing federal money from it.
What reform movement achieved the most during its time? What was the achievement?
The abolition movement achieved the most because slavery ended with the 13th Amendment.
What was the last conflict between Indigenous nations and the U.S?
The Wounded Knee Massacre.
What was the decision of the court case Dred Scott v. Sanford? What region did not agree with the decision? Why?
The Supreme Court said Black people were not citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in the territories, ruling the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
The North disagreed because the decision allowed slavery to expand into free territories.
Why was the 13th Amendment passed before the end of the Civil War? What was the purpose?
It was passed to permanently end slavery before Southern states returned to the Union, so they would not be able to block it.
What did the Great Compromise decide?
It created Congress with 2 parts: the Senate and the House of Representatives. In the Senate, every state gets 2 senators. In the House, states get representatives based on population.
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
It warned European countries not to colonize or interfere in the Americas.
Did Andrew Jackson respect the system of checks and balances during his presidency? Explain using a specific example.
Not always. For example, the Supreme Court said Georgia could not remove the Cherokee, but Jackson ignored it and continued with the removal of the Cherokee.
Explain what caused the reform movements of the 1800s. Describe the major events that led to the Reform movements.
Reform movements were caused by the Second Great Awakening and social/economic changes like westward expansion and the Industrial Revolution. These changes created problems like slavery expanding, poverty, and bad working conditions. The Cult of Domesticity said women had to be moral leaders, so many women became leaders in reform movements.
The U.S took land from Indigenous people in many ways. Through assimilation, war, and famine. Give the names of 3 policies that correspond to these categories.
Assimilation: Dawes Act and Indigenous Boarding Schools.
War: Wounded Knee.
Famine: Buffalo Slaughter.
How did the Emancipation Proclamation weaken the Confederacy?
It freed enslaved people in Confederate states, allowed Black men to join the Union army, and prevented Great Britain from helping the Confederacy.
What made the 15th Amendment not completely effective?
Southern states used poll taxes, literacy tests, violence, and intimidation to stop Black men from voting.