ADME
What do the A, D, M and E stand for in ADME?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
What is the "fancy" science word for a test in toxicology?
Assay
True or False: Nanoplastics can cross the blood brain barrier
TRUE!
What is the primary physiochemical property that determines where an inhaled agent deposits in the respiratory tract?
SIZE!!!!
What is something that makes both the liver and kidneys susceptible to toxic exposures?
High blood supply
Role in detoxification
What are two factors that influence dermal absorption?
•Thickness of stratum corneum
•Integrity of the stratum corneum
•Hydration
•Temperature
•Solvent as a carrier
•Molecular weight
What are two of the ways (axes) in which we perceive risk?
Voluntary vs involuntary
Observable vs unobservable
What is the difference between primary and secondary microplastics?
Primary microplastics are produced for commercial use, secondary microplastics are the result of the breakdown of larger plastic items.
What is the most common cell in the nervous system?
Glial cells
What are two functions of the kidney?
•Produce urine as part of waste excretion
•Regulate levels of water and electrolytes (Na, K) in the body
•Regulate blood pressure (renin/angiotensin)
•Maintain stable pH in blood and body fluids
•Generate critical molecules (erythropoietin, Vitamin D maturation)
What are the two ways toxic agents can affect enzymes?
What is one challenge in risk communication?
Sarah's discretion
What are two ways endocrine disrupting compounds function/disrupt hormone functioning?
Mimicking Hormones
Disrupting Gene Expression
Emphysema is associated with what inhaled toxic agent?
What are two mechanisms of liver toxicity?
Reactive metabolite formation
Oxidative stress
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Cholestasis
What is the goal of metabolism? (e.g. what physiochemical property are we trying to modify?)
To make compounds more hydrophilic.
What is a limitation of in silico toxicology?
What do the hormones of endocrine system regulate?
Metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood.
What is one way toxic agents affect neurotransmitters?
Altering synthesis, release, receptor binding, or breakdown
True or False
Both the liver and kidneys may recirculate toxic agents
What happens during phase II metabolism?
Conjugation - binding metabolites to an endogenous agent.
What are two measurements from toxicology data we can compare between compounds, assays etc.?
NOAEL
LOAEL
AC/EC/LD 50
What is one mechanism by which microplastics exert their toxicity?
They cause oxidative stress and are vehicles for other toxic agents
What makes the fetal period particularly susceptible to neurotoxicants?
The blood brain barrier is not fully formed.
Where in the liver do cells maintain stem cell like property? Closer to the central vein or the portal vein?
Central vein (location of detoxification in lobule)