Unit 1
This negatively charged particle moves around the nucleus of an atom.
What is an electron?
This element is considered the “backbone of life” because it forms the framework of biological molecules.
What is carbon?
This molecule is known as the cell’s main energy shuttle and powers chemical, transport, and mechanical work.
What is ATP?
This phase of the cell cycle takes up about 90% of the cycle and includes G1, S, and G2.
What is interphase?
This molecule carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
What is mRNA?
This property of water allows insects to walk across the surface without sinking.
What is surface tension?
These molecules make up cell membranes and contain a hydrophilic head with hydrophobic tails.
What are phospholipids?
This stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and splits one glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules.
What is glycolysis?
During this phase of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up, form tetrads, and crossing over occurs.
What is Prophase I?
These viruses infect bacteria and played a major role in the origins of molecular biology.
What are bacteriophages?
This type of bond forms when electrons are shared unequally, creating partial charges.
What is a polar covalent bond?
This organelle modifies, packages, and ships proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
This photosynthetic pigment absorbs mostly red and blue wavelengths of light and plays a central role in photosynthesis.
What is chlorophyll a?
This Mendelian principle states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries only one allele.
What is the Law of Segregation?
These noncoding regions are removed from pre-mRNA during RNA processing.
What are introns?
This evolutionary mechanism increases the frequency of beneficial inherited traits in a population over generations.
What is natural selection?
This type of membrane transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy, usually ATP.
What is active transport?
This process uses the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain to power ATP synthesis.
What is chemiosmosis?
Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together are called these.
What are linked genes?
This viral reproductive cycle destroys the host cell and releases new viruses.
What is the lytic cycle?
This factor can change the shape of proteins, alter reaction rates, and disrupt molecular interactions when it becomes too acidic or too basic.
What is pH?
This level of protein structure is formed when multiple polypeptide chains combine into one functional protein, such as hemoglobin.
What is quaternary structure?
These desert-adapted plants open their stomata at night, store carbon dioxide in organic acids, and release it during the day for the Calvin cycle.
What are CAM plants?
This chromosome abnormality occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally during meiosis.
What is nondisjunction?
This enzyme used by retroviruses converts viral RNA into DNA inside a host cell.
What is reverse transcriptase?