Ch.8 Cell Structure and Function
What is the defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells? What sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, including a true nucleus
What are the 3 major chemical components of ATP?
Adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups
What is the difference between Calorie (capital C) and calorie (lowercase c)?
A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree. A Calorie is a measurement used on food labels and contains 1,000 calories.
What potential problems of a cell are solved by cell division?
1. Efficiency of materials in or out of the cell
2. Prevents excessive demands on the DNA to produce additional gene products for a much larger cell
genetics
How were dead S-type cells able to transform living R-type cells?
Genetic material from the dead S-type bacteria was transferred into the living R-type bacteria, transforming them into S-type bacteria
What is the role of RNA in the production of proteins?
RNA uses the instructions from DNA to direct protein synthesis
What types of organisms have eukaryotic cells? What types of organisms have prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic: plants, animals, protists and fungi
Prokaryotic: bacteria and viruses
How does ATP provide the energy cells need?
ATP releases energy when a bond to its 3rd phosphate group is broken
In plain language, what is the equation for cellular respiration?
Oxygen+Glucose--->Carbon dioxide+Water+Energy
What factors limit the size of a cell?
The relationship between the surface area and volume of the cell
What did Mendel conclude determines biological inheritance?
Genes that are passed from parents to offspring
What kinds of information does DNA store?
genetic information
What is the nitrogenous base that replaces thymine in RNA?
Uracil (U)
How is a cell's cytoplasm like a factory floor?
A factory floor supports the factory machinery and the factory workers. In the same way, cytoplasm suspends organelles and molecules that a cell uses to perform tasks
How are heterotrophs and autotrophs different? How are they similar?
Heterotrophs and autotrophs both require energy from food, heterotrophs take in food made by other organisms while autotrophs make their own food
What stages of cellular respiration are considered aerobic?
The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are considered aerobic
What is one advantages of sexual reproduction?
Increase in genetic diversity which may increase survival in a changing environment
What is segregation?
The separation of alleles
What are the 3 key roles of DNA?
1. Storing genetic information
2. Copying genetic information
3. Putting genetic information to work through gene expression
What are the 3 main types of RNA?
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
Does the rough ER or the smooth ER send proteins on to the Golgi Apparatus?
The rough ER sends proteins to the Golgi apparatus
What is the principle pigment of green plants?
Chlorophyll
Why do all organisms need food?
Organisms get the energy they need for their life processes from food
During G1, the cell grows and performs life functions. During S phase DNA is replicated. During G2, cell prepares to divide
If black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b), what would the genotypes be for a homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive traits look like?
Homozygous dominant: BB
Heterozygous: Bb
Homozygous recessive: bb
Which scientist is responsible for the discovery of DNA structure but was not credited for their discovery until after their death?
Rosalind Franklin
Which pieces of unprocessed mRNA are cut out during processing before the mRNA leaves the nucleus?
How are chloroplasts like solar panels?
What is NADP+?
NADP+ is an electron carrier that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them to another molecule
What is the purpose of glycolysis?
To double to amount of ATP in order to quickly supply chemical energy to cells when oxygen is not available
What structures are responsible for the movement of chromosomes to the center of the cell in metaphase and their separation in anaphase?
Spindle fibers
What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?
Genotype=genetic information (alleles)
Phenotype=physical features (looks, traits)
What are the major chemical components of DNA?
Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
What are the 3 major ways that RNA and DNA are different?
1. type of sugar (ribose vs deoxyribose)
2. structure (single-stranded vs double-stranded
3. Nitrogenous bases (ATCG vs ACGU)
Why is the mitochondria referred to as the "power plant" of the cell?
Because like a power plant, the mitochondria converts stored energy into a more useful form of energy for cells to use.
Why do organisms that perform photosynthesis need water and sunlight?
They need light because light is the source of energy that is transformed to chemical energy and they need water because the electrons that are excited in chlorophyll and passed to the electron transport system are replaced with electrons from a split water molecule
What are the 2 electron carriers involved in the Krebs cycle?
NAD+ and FAD
What is the cell cycle?
The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Unlike mitosis, meiosis in male mammals results in the formation of ________________ gametes.
4 haploid
What factors about DNA does the Watson-Crick model explain?
That DNA strands run in opposite directions, that weak hydrogen bonds hold base pairs together, reconfirmed Chargaff's rule of A=T and C=G
How are a codon and anticodon related?
The codon is a 3 base sequence that is attached to the mRNA strand and the anticodon is the complementary 3 base sequence that is attached to the tRNA
What are the two major parts of a eukaryotic cell?
The nucleus and the cytoplasm
What is the role of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?
ATP synthase forms ADP and a phosphate group, the energy from the ATP is used to build sugar molecules
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of NADH and a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
The rate at which materials enter and leave the cell depends on the cell's ___________.
Surface area
Using a Punnett square, cross 2 pea plants that are both heterozygous for tallness (Tt). WHat is the probability that the offspring will be short (tt)?
25%, 1/4, or 1:4
If a DNA sample contains 23% Thymine, how much Cytosine is present?
27%
The decoding of the mRNA message into a protein is a process known as ________________.
Translation
What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Energy is defined as the ability to _______________.
Do work
How many molecules of ATP may be produced from glucose?
36 ATP molecules (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs cycle, 32 from electron transport chain)
In order for a cell to divide successfully, the cell must first ___________________.
Duplicate its genetic information
Suppose that an organism has a diploid number 2N=8. How many chromosomes do this organism's gametes contain?
4
What is the process of duplicating DNA called?
Replication
How does the cell interpret the genetic code?
The cell "reads" the codon attached to the mRNA which specifies for an amino acid that gets added to the polypeptide chain which folds into a protein
What are the two major types of active transport?
Molecular transport and bulk transport
The clusters of chlorophyll and proteins that absorb sunlight and generate high-energy electrons in the chloroplasts are called what?
Photosystems
Cells use the energy available in food to make a final energy-rich compound called ___________.
ATP
Sister chromatids are attached to each other at an area called the _______________.
Centromere
Explain why chromosomes, not individual genes, assort independently.
Chromosomes and not genes assort independently because the chromosomes are a group of linked genes
Describe the shape of eukaryotic DNA vs. the shape of prokaryotic DNA.
Eukaryotic: double-helix strands
Prokaryotic: circular
How are proteins and genes related?
Proteins are coded for by the DNA in genes
Proteins are assembled on which organelle?
Ribosomes
What occurs as H+ ions pass through ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane, and what is this process called?
ADP is converted to ATP in a process called ATP synthesis
The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen is ___________.
Cellular Respiration
In plant cells, what forms midway between the divided nuclei during cytokinesis?
Cell plate
What are the 3 basic principles of genetics that Mendel discovered in his experiments?
1. Principle of Dominance
2. Principle of Independent Assortment
3. Principles of Heredity
The molecules are responsible for keeping the separated strands of DNA apart during replication are called _______________________________________.
Single-stranded binding proteins
Ribosomes are tiny "factories" within cells that do all of the following EXCEPT _____________
a. decode an mRNA message into a protein
b. assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains
c. attach to mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm
d. translate DNA into RNA
d. translate DNA into RNA