Anatomy & Histology
The skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum and hyoid belong to this division of the skeleton.
Axial skeleton
These pathways oxidize energy-rich molecules to generate ATP and reduced cofactors.
Catabolic pathways
An increase in cell size, rather than cell number, produces this adaptation.
Hypertrophy
A molecule that binds a receptor is generically called this.
Ligand
The proportion of people with disease who test positive is this test characteristic.
Sensitivity
These neurons carry information from the periphery toward the CNS.
sensory/afferent neurons
Translation joins amino acids through formation of this type of covalent bond.
peptide/amide bond
Chronic reflux can replace normal esophageal squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium; this reversible adaptation is called this.
metaplasia
This equilibrium dissociation constant is the ligand concentration at which half of Bmax is achieved and is inversely related to affinity.
Kd
Unlike sensitivity and specificity, these two diagnostic-test measures change substantially with disease prevalence.
PPV and NPV
Schwann cells myelinate the PNS; these cells perform the corresponding job in the CNS.
oligodendrocytes
Regulation commonly occurs at this early, highly exergonic reaction that commits an intermediate to a metabolic pathway.
committed step
One form of cell death typically causes membrane disruption and inflammation, whereas the other is regulated and comparatively tidy. Name both.
necrosis and apoptosis
Drug A reaches the same Emax as Drug B but at a lower dose. Drug A has greater this property, but not necessarily greater efficacy.
potency
A cohort finds disease in 20% of exposed patients and 5% of unexposed patients. This measure of association equals 4.
relative risk
A skeletal muscle fiber contains these contractile structures, themselves composed primarily of actin and myosin myofilaments.
myofibrils
A lysosomal enzyme secreted from the Golgi can be recaptured by surface receptors and delivered back to lysosomes—a principle exploited by this treatment for Fabry disease.
enzyme replacement therapy
Macrophages aggregate into granulomas during this specific pattern of inflammation
granulomatous inflammation
An IV drug dose enters systemic circulation completely, whereas an oral dose may not. This PK parameter describes that fraction reaching systemic circulation unchanged.
bioavailability
A treatment effect has a 95% CI for a relative risk of 0.72–1.18. Because the interval includes this value, the result is not statistically significant at the conventional 0.05 level.
1.0
Damage selectively destroys the glial cells lining the cerebral ventricles and involved in CSF production. Name the glial cell type.
ependymal cells
A mutation in GLA causes deficient α-galactosidase A and intracellular glycosphingolipid accumulation. This disease is treated using receptor-mediated uptake of replacement enzyme.
Fabry disease
A tumor becomes autonomous, ignores growth-inhibitory signals, evades apoptosis and accumulates DNA abnormalities. These changes collectively describe this process.
malignant transformation/neoplasia.
Renal disease cuts a drug's clearance in half while Vd is unchanged. Assuming first-order elimination, this PK quantity approximately doubles.
half-life
A highly sensitive screening test is negative in a patient being evaluated for disease. All else equal, the negative result is especially useful for doing this to the diagnosis.
ruling out disease.