Infection Control
This type of transmission occurs through contaminated objects such as blood pressure cuffs, stethoscopes, and bed rails.
What is indirect contact transmission?
This assistive device should always be held on the client's stronger side.
What is a cane?
What is a nasal cannula?
This oxygen delivery device delivers 24–44% FiO₂ at 1–6 L/min and allows the client to eat, drink, and talk.
This is the normal range for potassium.
What is 3.5–5.0 mEq/L?
List the five primary purposes of IV therapy.
What are hydration, medication administration, replacing fluid losses, maintaining perfusion, and providing support during surgery or NPO status?
Name the five cardinal signs of inflammation and provide the medical term for each.
What are redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function?
What is foot drop?
This complication of immobility occurs when the foot becomes permanently plantar-flexed.
This high-flow oxygen device provides the most precise oxygen concentration and is the preferred device for clients with COPD.
What is a Venturi mask?
This electrolyte imbalance is associated with peaked T waves and can progress to cardiac arrest.
What is hyperkalemia?
This IV complication is characterized by a painful, warm, red vein with a visible red streak.
What is phlebitis?
This is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of infection.
What is hand hygiene?
State the correct sequence for walking with a walker.
What is move the walker forward, step with the weaker leg, then bring the stronger leg forward?
List at least six early manifestations of hypoxia
What are tachypnea, tachycardia, restlessness, anxiety, elevated blood pressure, pale skin, pale mucous membranes, nasal flaring, accessory muscle use, and adventitious lung sounds?
List at least five common causes of low electrolyte levels.
What are poor intake, vomiting, diarrhea, NG suction, diuretic use, and malabsorption?
Compare infiltration and extravasation by describing the type of fluid involved, assessment findings, and initial nursing treatment.
What is infiltration (non-vesicant fluid leaking into tissue causing coolness, pallor, swelling, and slowed infusion; stop the IV, elevate the extremity, and restart elsewhere) and extravasation (vesicant medication leaking into tissue causing burning, pain, blistering, and tissue damage; stop the infusion immediately and follow the antidote protocol)?
Compare medical asepsis and surgical asepsis by describing the purpose of each and providing at least three examples of when each technique is used.
What is medical asepsis, which reduces the number and spread of microorganisms and includes hand hygiene, cleaning equipment, wearing gloves, and standard precautions; and surgical asepsis, which eliminates all microorganisms and is used during surgery, sterile dressing changes, central line insertion, and urinary catheter insertion?
Compare orthostatic hypotension and cardiac deconditioning by describing the cause, common assessment findings, and one nursing intervention for each.
What is orthostatic hypotension, a drop in blood pressure with position changes causing dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, or syncope that is managed with gradual position changes and dangling before standing; and cardiac deconditioning, weakening of the heart muscle from prolonged inactivity causing decreased cardiac output, fatigue, exercise intolerance, and tachycardia with activity?
State the correct steps for tracheostomy suctioning in order.
What is hyperoxygenate, insert the catheter without suction, apply suction while withdrawing, rotate the catheter, suction for 5–10 seconds, allow recovery, and limit to three passes?
Compare hyponatremia and hypernatremia by explaining what happens to the cells and listing at least three signs of each.
What is hyponatremia (brain cells swell; headache, confusion, nausea, seizures) and hypernatremia (cells shrink; thirst, irritability, restlessness, dry mucous membranes)?
Identify at least five findings that indicate IV therapy is producing the desired therapeutic effect.
What are improved blood pressure, increased urine output, moist mucous membranes, stable electrolytes, absence of edema, and clear lung sounds?
Identify the required room type, PPE, and at least three diseases associated with contact, droplet, airborne, and protective (reverse) isolation precautions.
What are contact precautions (gloves and gown; C. difficile, MRSA, VRE, norovirus, RSV), droplet precautions (surgical mask; influenza, pertussis, COVID-19, mumps, rubella), airborne precautions (negative-pressure room, door closed, N95 respirator; tuberculosis, measles, varicella), and protective isolation (protects immunocompromised patients, including bone marrow transplant recipients and those with severe neutropenia, with visitor screening, hand hygiene, and PPE as indicated)?
List at least eight complications of immobility discussed in this chapter.
What are disuse osteoporosis, sarcopenia, joint contractures, foot drop, cardiac deconditioning, orthostatic hypotension, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, atelectasis, pneumonia, constipation, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), urinary retention, and pressure injuries?
Compare the nasal cannula, simple face mask, partial rebreather mask, non-rebreather mask, and Venturi mask by listing their flow rates and FiO₂ ranges.
What are: Nasal cannula (1–6 L/min, 24–44%), Simple face mask (5–10 L/min, 35–60%), Partial rebreather (10–15 L/min, 60–90%), Non-rebreather (10–15 L/min, 85–95%), and Venturi mask (24–50% with precise FiO₂)?
Identify all four acid-base disorders and provide one common cause and two assessment findings for each.
What are respiratory acidosis (hypoventilation; confusion, headache, lethargy), respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation; dizziness, tingling, muscle spasms), metabolic acidosis (DKA, renal failure, or severe diarrhea; Kussmaul respirations, nausea, weakness), and metabolic alkalosis (vomiting, excess antacids, or excess diuretics; weakness, confusion, paresthesias, dysrhythmias)?
List the signs of an anaphylactic blood transfusion reaction and place the nursing actions in the correct order.
What are hives, wheezing, angioedema, hypotension, and respiratory distress; then stop the transfusion, keep the IV open with normal saline, notify the provider or Rapid Response Team, notify the blood bank, and recheck the blood product and patient identification?