Regulation, Transcription, and Translation
What molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
tRNA
If a mutation does not affect protein function but changes the DNA sequence, is it best described as what type of mutation?
Neutral mutation
In genetics, what is the specific term for the physical appearance or outer look such as a pea plant having purple/yellow flowers?
Phenotype
What specific proteins bind to DNA sequences to either "turn on" or "turn off" the transcription of a gene?
Transcription factors
What is the difference between linked and unlinked genes?
linked are on the same unit (within 50 mu) while unlinked are on separate chromosomes or further than 50 mu apart.
What is the 3 base sequence on an mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid?
Codon
What type of mutation has no effect on phenotype due to redundancy in the genetic code?
Silent mutation
What Mendelian law states that the two alleles of a gene separate from each other during meiosis, so that each gamete carries only one allele?
Law of Seperation
BONUS 50 pts
Describe how this separation occurs using the terms kinetochore, spindle fibers, and sister chromatids
What term refers to a cluster of genes in bacteria that are controlled by a single "on-off switch" called an operator?
operons
Bonus 50pts
What are the two types of operons we have focused on?
What technique could you use to study the level of transcription in a given gene?
Northern blotting
Elongation.
Bonus 100 pts
Upon further investigation, a mutation occurs that caused the RNA molecule to prematurely terminate. What kind of mutation is this?
A mutation changes a codon from GAA to UAA would most likely result in what type of mutation?
Nonsense mutation
In a dihybrid cross between two pea plants heterozygous for seed shape (Round is dominant to wrinkled) and seed color (Yellow is dominant to green), what is the probability of obtaining an offspring that is wrinkled and green?
1/16 (0.0625)
What epigenetic modification involves adding a chemical group to DNA (often at CpG islands), which usually silences the gene?
DNA methylation
A test cross between RrDd and rrdd produces the progeny of 75 Rrdd, 290 RrDd, 87 rrDd, and 337 rrdd. Are the parents genes in coupling or repulsion?
Coupling
What protein helps RNA polymerase find the promoter sequence by recognizing the -10 and -35 elements in bacteria?
Sigma factor
What process can fix thymine dimers caused by UV light?
Nucleotide excision repair
BONUS 50 PTS
What is the example of an intercalating agent that we focus on in this class?
Using the binomial expansion method, if a human couple has 5 children, what is the exact probability that 3 will be girls and 2 will be boys?
0.3125
What DNA sequences can be located very far away from the gene they regulate, yet they greatly increase the likelihood of transcription when bound by activators?
Enhancers
A right handed section of DNA has 358 bases and 32 turns. Which type of DNA form best describes this structure?
A DNA
BONUS 50 pts
What are the other 2 types of DNA
What time of transcription termination in bacteria requires a helicase that catches RNA polymerase and releases the transcript?
Rho-dependent termination
Bonus 50 points:
Describe Rho-independent termination
Homologous recombination
BONUS 50 PTS
What is the other DSB repair mechanism and how does it work?
In a cross between two individuals with the genotype AaBbCc what is the probability of producing an offspring that has this phenotype:
aabbcc
1/64 (0.015625)
BONUS 50 pts
What is the probability of this phenotype
AaBBcc
What complex process involves using ATP to physically move or restructure nucleosomes, making the DNA more accessible to the transcription machinery?
Chromatin remodeling
BONUS 50 pts
What is the multiprotein complex called?
A flower heterozygous for three alleles is crossed with a homozygous recessive in a 3 point cross. Find the order of the genes (middle gene)
wbL-8
WBl-9
WBL-34
wbl-35
WbL-15
wBl-16
wBL-29
Wbl-28
Total- 174
w-l-b (L is the middle gene)