DNA/RNA
Describe the basic process of DNA replication.
1. DNA unzips
2. Free nucleotides added to each strand
3. Left with two identical strands of DNA
In what phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell?
Metaphase
What are the possible genotypes/phenotypes to result from a cross of a homozygous dominant, brown-eyed mother and a homozygous recessive, blue-eyed father?
All heterozygous, brown-eyed offspring.
Describe the law of segregation.
Each parent has 2 alleles for each trait. The two alleles separate when a gamete forms and distribute when crossed with another organism.
Name the matching nitrogenous base pairings.
A=T
G=C
What are the steps, in order, of Mitosis? Describe the resulting cells.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Two identical diploid cells.
What are the parents of offspring with a 50% chance of being homozygous recessive for no freckles and a 50% chance of being heterozygous for freckles?
Ff X ff
Describe the law of dominance.
When a dominant allele and a recessive allele are present in an organism's genotype, the dominant allele will mask the recessive allele in the phenotype.
Use the codon chart to determine the proteins coded by the following strand of mRNA
UUA CAG AUC
Leucine, Glutamine, Isoleucine
What are the steps, in order, of Meiosis? Describe the resulting cells.
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II. Four genetically unique haploid cells.
phenotypes B or AB
Describe co-dominance.
Expressed as a heterozygous phenotype with both alleles being displayed at the same time.
Describe the process of protein synthesis.
1. DNA is transcribed into mRNA
2. mRNA is translated by tRNA into proteins, forming a polypeptide chain to perform specific tasks
Describe the process of crossing over.
When two homologous chromosomes line up during Meiosis I, they exchange genetic material, creating an increase in genetic variation.
Describe the phenotypic ratio of the following parents, where dimples and freckles are dominant?
DdFf x DDFf
12:4
75% dimples/freckles and 25% dimples/no freckles
Describe polygenic inheritance.
Expressed when multiple genes each make a small contribution to the overall phenotype.
Synthesize the correct proteins from the following strand of DNA:
AAT GTC TCA CCA
Leucine, Glutamine, Serine, Glycine
Draw the phases of Mitosis.
(see picture)
Describe the genotypic ratio of the following parents, where dimples and freckles are dominant?
DdFf x DDFf
2:4:2:2:4:2
-or-
1:2:1:1:2:1 (simplified)
12.5% - homozygous dominant dimples, homozygous dominant freckles
25% - homozygous domimnant dimples, heterozygous freckles
12.5% - homozygous dominant dimples, homozygous recessive no freckles
12.5% - heterozygous dimples, homozygous dominant freckles
25% - heterozygous dimples, heterozygous freckles
12.5% - heterozygous dimples, homozygous recessive no freckles
Describe incomplete dominance.
Expressed when a heterozygous phenotype exhibits a blend of the two alleles it possesses.